牛尾蒿，中药名。为菊科植物牛尾蒿ArtemisiadubiaWall.exBess.[A.subdigitataMattf.；A.thomsoniiC.B.Clarkeexpamp.；A.subdigitataMattf.Var.thomsonii（C.B.ClarkeexPamp.）S.Y.Hu]和无毛牛尾蒿ArtemisiadubiaWall.exBess.var.subdigitata（Mattf.）Y.R.Ling[A.subdigitataMattf.；A.jacquemontianaBess.；Oligosporusjacquemontiana（Bess.）Poljak.]的全草。牛尾蒿分布于内蒙古、甘肃、四川、云南、西藏等地；无毛牛尾蒿分布于华北、西南及陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、山东、河南、湖北、广西等地。具有清热，凉血，解毒，杀虫之功效。常用于急性热病，肺热咳嗽，咽喉肿痛，鼻衄，血风疮，蛲虫病。
Niu-wei-hao, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess. var. subdigitata (Mattf.) Y.R. Ling) refers to the entire plant of the Asteraceae plant Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess. [A. subdigitata Mattf.; A. thomsonii C.B.Clarke ex Pamp.; A. subdigitata Mattf. Var. thomsonii (C.B.Clarke ex Pamp.) S.Y. Hu] and the hairless Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess. var. subdigitata (Mattf.) Y.R. Ling [A. subdigitata Mattf.; A. jacquemontiana Bess.; Oligosporus jacquemontiana (Bess.) Poljak.]. Niu-wei-hao is distributed in Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, and other regions, while the hairless Artemisia dubia is found in North China, Southwest China, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, and Guangxi. It is known for its effects of clearing heat, cooling blood, detoxification, and insecticidal properties. It is commonly used for acute febrile diseases, lung heat cough, sore throat, epistaxis, purpura, and helminthiasis.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清热，凉血，解毒，杀虫。
Clearing heat, cooling blood, detoxifying, and killing parasites.

主治 Indications

用于急性热病，肺热咳嗽，咽喉肿痛，鼻衄，血风疮，蛲虫病。
Indications: Acute febrile diseases, lung-heat cough, sore throat, epistaxis, pyogenic skin infections, and parasitic diseases.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，9-15g；或熬膏；或入丸、散。外用：适量，水煎洗；或熬膏涂。
Internal use: decoction, 9-15g; or made into paste; or formed into pills or powder. External use: appropriate amount, decoct with water for washing; or made into paste for topical application.

药理作用 Pharmacological Actions

1. 镇咳，祛痰，平喘作用。

2. Antitussive, expectorant, and anti-asthmatic effects.

3. 体外抑菌作用。

4. Antimicrobial effects in vitro.

相关论述 Relevant Discussions

《滇南本草》：“塞鼻止血，破血散瘀。血瘤、血鼠、血风等疾最良。”
"Dian Nan Ben Cao": "Effective in stopping nosebleeds and dispersing blood stasis. Excellent for treating blood tumors, blood clots, and other blood-related disorders."

《甘肃中草药手册》：“清热解毒，排脓，杀虫。治急性热病，疮疡流脓，风痒瘙痒，蛲虫。”
"Gansu Herbal Manual": "Clears heat, detoxifies, promotes pus drainage, and kills parasites. Used for treating acute febrile diseases, suppurative ulcers, itching, and parasitic infections."

《中国民族药志》：“清热利肺、消炎，杀菌。治咽喉肿痛，瘟疫热，肺热咳嗽，气管炎，炭疽病等。”
"Chinese Ethnic Medicine Records": "Clears heat, benefits the lungs, reduces inflammation, and has antibacterial properties. Effective for treating sore throat, epidemic fevers, hot coughs, tracheitis, and anthrax."

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1. 治“年忍”病，肺部疾病，咽喉肿痛：牛尾蒿30g，莪大厦27g，熏倒牛24g，马尿泡根21g，羌活18g。共研细粉，加入麝香2g，充分研匀。每次2g，每日2次，冲服。（《中国民族药志》）

2. Treatment for "Nian Ren" disease, lung diseases, and sore throat: 30g of Artemisia argyi, 27g of Curcuma wenyujin, 24g of Moschus berezovskii, 21g of Radix et Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, and 18g of Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii. Grind them into fine powder, add 2g of musk, and mix thoroughly. Take 2g each time, twice a day, and drink after dissolving in water. (From "Chinese Ethnic Medicine Records")

3. 治慢性气管炎：（1）牛尾蒿9-15g，用47.5%乙醇浸泡14d，然后浓缩至30ml，每日3次，每次服10ml。（《全国中草药汇编》）（2）取牛尾蒿制取挥发油，装胶囊（每粒含挥发油100mg）或制滴完（每粒含挥发油50mg）。每次服1-2粒（丸），每日3次。（《中国民族药志》）

4. Treatment for chronic bronchitis: (1) 9-15g of Artemisia argyi soaked in 47.5% ethanol for 14 days, then concentrate to 30ml. Take 10ml three times a day. (From "National Compilation of Chinese Medicinal Herbs") (2) Extract volatile oil from Artemisia argyi, put it in capsules (each containing 100mg of volatile oil) or make into pills (each containing 50mg of volatile oil). Take 1-2 capsules each time, three times a day. (From "Chinese Ethnic Medicine Records")

5. 治蛲虫病：鲜紫杆蒿不拘多少，洗净，切段，水煎，取汁，反复2-3次，文火收膏，作丸如黄豆大。每次1-2丸，每日1次，空腹送下。2星期为1疗程，停药1星期后，再服下1疗程。重症临睡前用膏外涂肛门。

6. Treatment for ascariasis: Use fresh Artemisia annua, wash it, cut into sections, decoct in water, extract the juice, repeat 2-3 times, simmer on low heat to make pills the size of soybeans. Take 1-2 pills each time, once a day, on an empty stomach. A course of treatment lasts for 2 weeks, stop for 1 week, then start another course. For severe cases, apply the ointment externally to the anus before bedtime.

7. 治风疹瘙痒：紫杆蒿适量。水煎外洗。（3-4方出自《甘肃中草药手册》）

8. Treatment for pruritus caused by wind rash: Use an appropriate amount of Artemisia annua for external washing after decocting in water. (The above information is from "Gansu Chinese Medicinal Herb Manual")

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：秋季采收，鲜用或扎把晾干。
Harvest in autumn, use fresh or tie into bundles to air dry.

药材鉴别 Identification of Medicinal Materials

药材性状：茎呈圆柱形，长短不一。表面黄褐色、紫红色、赭色、棕绿色，具纵棱，被稀疏绢状柔毛。质脆，易折断，断面不平整，中央有一个小圆形白髓或小孔。叶多皱缩，破碎；完整叶：茎下部叶片3-5深裂；中、上部叶片3指状深裂至渐不裂。上面深绿色，下面淡绿色。头状花序皱缩；总苞片绿色，边缘有膜质；雌花位于边缘；两性花居中。花淡紫色至淡黄色。气微清香；味苦，微涩。
Characteristics of medicinal materials: The stem is cylindrical in shape, varying in length. The surface can be yellow-brown, purple-red, ochre, or brownish-green, with longitudinal ridges and sparsely soft hairs. The texture is brittle, easy to break, with an uneven cross-section, and a small circular pith or pore in the center. The leaves are often wrinkled and fragmented; intact leaves: lower leaves deeply lobed into 3-5 leaflets; middle and upper leaves deeply lobed into finger-like shapes gradually becoming unlobed. The upper side is deep green, while the underside is light green. The head-like inflorescence is wrinkled; the bracts are green with membranous edges; female flowers are located at the edges, while hermaphrodite flowers are in the center. The flowers range from light purple to light yellow. The scent is slightly fragrant; the taste is bitter and slightly astringent.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：菊科植物牛尾蒿和无毛牛尾蒿。
Plant species: Chrysanthemum indicum and Chrysanthemum morifolium are two species in the Asteraceae family.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

牛尾蒿：半灌木状草本，高80-120cm。根茎粗短，有营养枝。茎丛生，紫褐色或绿褐色，纵棱明显，分枝长15-35cm或更长；茎、枝幼时被短柔毛，后渐稀疏或无毛。叶互生，上面微被短柔毛，下面较密，宿存；基生叶与茎下部叶大，卵形或长圆形，羽状5深裂，有时裂片上还有1-2枚小裂片，无柄，花期叶凋谢；中部叶卵形，长5-12cm，宽3-7cm，羽状5深裂，裂片长3-8cm，宽5-12mm，先端尖，边缘无裂齿，基部渐狭成柄状，有小披针形或线形假托叶；上部叶与苞片叶指状3深裂或不分裂。头状花序多数，有短梗或近无梗，基部有小苞叶，在分枝的小枝上排成穗状花序或穗状花序状的总状花序；总苞片3-4层，外层略短小，外、中层背面无毛，有绿色中肋，边膜质，内层半膜质；雌花6-8朵，花冠檐部具2裂齿，花柱先端2叉，叉端尖；两性花2-10朵，不育，花冠管状，花药线形，先端附属物尖，花柱短，先端2裂，不开叉。瘦果小，长圆形或倒卵形。花、果期8-10月。
Artemisia capillaris: A semi-shrub-like herbaceous plant, 80-120cm tall. The rhizome is short and thick, with nutritious branches. The stems grow in clusters, purple-brown or green-brown in color, with prominent longitudinal ridges. Branches are 15-35cm long or longer; when young, the stems and branches are covered with short soft hairs, which gradually become sparse or absent. The leaves are alternate, with short soft hairs on the upper surface and denser hairs on the lower surface, persistent; basal leaves and lower stem leaves are large, ovate or oblong, deeply lobed in a pinnate pattern with 5 lobes, sometimes with 1-2 small lobes on the lobes, without petioles, and the leaves wither during the flowering period; middle leaves are ovate, 5-12cm long, 3-7cm wide, deeply lobed in a pinnate pattern with 5 lobes, lobes are 3-8cm long, 5-12mm wide, pointed at the tip, without serrations on the edges, gradually narrowing into a petiole-like base, with small lanceolate or linear false stipules; upper leaves and bract leaves are linear, 3-lobed or unlobed. The capitulum has many flower heads, with short or nearly absent peduncles, small bracts at the base, arranged in spike-like or spicate capitula on the branches, or spicate capitulum-like compound capitula; the involucre consists of 3-4 layers of bracts, the outer layer slightly shorter, the outer and middle layers are hairless on the back, with a green midrib, membranous margins, and the inner layer is semi-membranous; there are 6-8 female flowers, with 2-lobed corolla lobes, the style apex is bifurcated, with pointed tips at the bifurcation; there are 2-10 sterile hermaphrodite flowers, with tubular corollas, linear anthers, pointed appendages at the tips, short styles, bifurcated at the apex, not forked. The achene is small, oblong or ovoid. Flowering and fruiting period is from August to October.

无毛牛尾蒿：与正种的区别为茎、枝、叶背面初时被灰白短柔毛，后则无毛。
Artemisia capillaris var. pilosa: The difference from the typical species is that the stems, branches, and the back of the leaves are initially covered with gray-white short soft hairs, which later become hairless.

分布区域 Distribution Area

牛尾蒿：内蒙古、甘肃、四川、云南、西藏等地。无毛牛尾蒿：华北、西南及陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、山东、河南、湖北、广西等地。
Artemisia argyi: Found in Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, and other regions. Artemisia argyi without hairs: Found in North China, Southwest China, as well as in Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, and other regions.

生长环境 Growing Environment

牛尾蒿：生于海拔3500m以下的山坡、草原、疏林下及林缘等地。无毛牛尾蒿：生于海拔3000m以下的山坡、河边、路旁、沟谷及林缘等处。
Artemisia capillaris: It grows on slopes, grasslands, sparse forests, and forest edges below 3500 meters above sea level. Artemisia capillaris var. pilosa: It grows on slopes, riverbanks, roadsides, valleys, and forest edges below 3000 meters above sea level.