土牛膝，中药名。为苋科牛膝属植物牛膝AchyranthesbidentataBlume的野生种及柳叶牛膝Achyrantheslongifolia（Makino）Makino、粗毛牛膝AchyranthesasperaL.、钝叶土牛膝AchyranthesasperaL.var.indicaL.的根及根茎。植物牛膝，除东北外全国广布，朝鲜、苏联、印度、越南、菲律宾、马来西亚、非洲均有分布；植物柳叶牛膝，分布于我国陕西、浙江、江西、湖南、湖北、四川、云南、贵州、广东、台湾，日本也有分布；植物粗毛牛膝，分布于我国湖南、江西、福建、台湾、广东、广西、四川、云南、贵州，印度、越南、菲律宾、马来西亚等地也有分布；植物钝叶土牛膝，分布于我国台湾、广东、四川、云南，印度及斯里兰卡也有分布。具有活血祛瘀，泻火解毒，利尿通淋之功效。主治闭经，跌打损伤，风湿关节痛，痢疾，白喉，咽喉肿痛，疮痈，淋证，水肿。
Tu-niu-xi, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. Achyranthes bidentata Blume) refers to the wild species of Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Achyranthes longifolia (Makino) Makino, Achyranthes aspera L., and Achyranthes aspera L. var. indica L. in the Amaranthaceae family. The Achyranthes bidentata is widely distributed throughout China except for the northeast region, and can also be found in North Korea, the Soviet Union, India, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Africa. Achyranthes longifolia is distributed in Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, and Taiwan in China, and also in Japan. Achyranthes aspera is found in Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, India, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia. Achyranthes aspera var. indica is distributed in Taiwan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, India, and Sri Lanka. It is known for its functions of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, clearing heat and detoxification, diuresis, and treating stranguria. It is commonly used for irregular menstruation, traumatic injuries, rheumatic joint pain, dysentery, diphtheria, sore throat, carbuncles, urinary disorders, and edema.

功效作用 功能
Efficacy and Functions

活血祛瘀，泻火解毒，利尿通淋。主治
Promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, clearing heat and toxins, and promoting diuresis to treat stranguria. Mainly used for...

闭经，跌打损伤，风湿关节痛，痢疾，白喉，咽喉肿痛，疮痈，淋证，水肿。用法用量
Amenorrhea, bruises and sprains, rheumatic joint pain, dysentery, diphtheria, sore throat, carbuncle, gonorrhea, edema. Dosage and administration.

内服：煎汤，9～15g；鲜品30～60g。外用：适量，捣敷；或捣汁滴耳；或研末吹喉。注意事项
Internal use: Decoction, 9-15g; Fresh product, 30-60g. External use: Proper amount, apply as a poultice; or drip juice into the ear; or grind into powder for throat blowing. Precautions.

孕妇忌服。药理作用
Pregnant women should avoid taking it. Pharmacological effects.

1、抗生育作用。2、子宫兴奋作用。3、抗炎作用。4、对蛋白质合成前体掺入肝、肾组织有促进作用。相关论述

1. Contraceptive effect.2. Uterine excitatory effect.3. Anti-inflammatory effect.4. It has a promoting effect on the incorporation of protein synthesis precursors into liver and kidney tissues. Related discussions.

1、《本草图经》：“治妇人血块”。2、《纲目拾遗》：“活血化瘀，宽筋，理跌打损伤。治破伤风，七十二般恶疾。”“善能理疮，并刀箭入肉。”3、《岭南采药录》：“为收敛药及利小便药，清血消毒。治喉症捣汁含漱；又散血止痛，理脚气，煎酒服。”临床应用 相关配伍

1. "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Treatment of blood clots in women."2. "Compendium of Materia Medica: Supplement": "Activating blood circulation, resolving stasis, relaxing tendons, and treating bruises and injuries. Treating tetanus and various other severe illnesses." "Skilled at treating wounds, including those caused by knives and arrows."3. "Records of Herbal Medicine Collection in Lingnan": "Used as an astringent and diuretic, clearing blood and disinfecting. Treat throat conditions by gargling with the decoction; also disperses blood stasis, relieves pain, treats athlete's foot, and can be decocted in wine for consumption." Clinical applications and relevant compatibility.

1、治水疔，土牛膝不拘多少。捣烂入盐少许。和匀敷疔上，半日即愈。（《疡医大全》）2、治瘰，用杜牛膝捣敷，缚其上，一日一易。（《脉因证冶》）3、治烂疮累治不可者，用杜牛膝并盐泥捣拦，敷患处。（《普济方》）加工炮制 采收加工

1. To treat water boils, there is no specific amount required for the earthy ox knee. Grind it into a paste with a little salt, apply it evenly on the boil, and it will heal within half a day. (From "Complete Manual of Ulcer Medicine")2. To treat scrofula, grind and apply ox knee paste, bind it on, and change it daily. (From "Pulse Etiology and Treatment")3. For stubborn ulcers that are difficult to heal, use ox knee mixed with salt paste to apply on the affected area. (From "Universal Relief Prescriptions") Processing and preparation: Harvest and process.

全年均可，除去茎叶，洗净，鲜用或晒干。炮制方法
It can be used all year round. Remove the stems and leaves, wash them clean, and use them fresh or sun-dry them. Processing method:

取原药材，除去杂质，洗净喷淋清水，稍润，切斜薄片或不规则的段状，干燥。药材鉴别 药材性状
Collect the original medicinal materials, remove impurities, wash them with clean water, slightly moisten, cut them into thin oblique slices or irregular segments, and dry them. Identify the medicinal materials and their properties.

1、药材性状（1）牛膝（野生品），根茎呈圆柱状，长1～3㎝，直径5～10㎜，灰棕色，上端有茎基残留，周围着生多数粗细不一的根。根长圆柱形，略弯曲，长约15cm以下，径可达4㎜；表面淡灰棕色，有细密的纵皱纹。质稍柔软，干透后易折断，断面黄棕色，可见成圈状散列的维管束。气微，味微甜。（2）柳叶牛膝，根茎短粗，长2～6㎝，径1～1．5㎝。根4～9条，扭曲，长10～20㎝，径0．4～1．2㎝，向下渐细。表面灰黄褐色，具细密的纵皱纹及须根除去后的痕迹。质硬而稍有弹性，易折断，断面皮部淡灰褐色，略光亮，可见多数点状散布的维管束。气微，味初微甜后涩。（3）粗毛牛膝，根茎短圆柱形，灰棕色，周围着生众多圆柱状细长的根，长6～10㎝，粗2～5㎜，略弯曲。表面灰棕色．有细浅的纵皱纹。质坚硬，易折断，断面纤维性．淡灰青色至灰白色。味淡无臭。（4）钝叶土牛膝，形状与粗毛牛膝相似，略粗大。2、饮片性状切斜薄片或小段，外表面灰棕色，具细密的纵皱纹，切面黄棕色，有的中空，维管束呈点状排列成2～4轮。质韧，气微，味微甜而涩。植物学信息 形态特征

1. Medicinal properties: (1) Achyranthes bidentata (wild), the rhizome is cylindrical, 1-3 cm long, 5-10 mm in diameter, gray-brown in color, with stem base residues at the top and numerous uneven roots growing around it. The root is cylindrical, slightly curved, less than 15 cm long, and up to 4 mm in diameter; the surface is light gray-brown with fine longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is slightly soft, easy to break when dry, with a yellow-brown cross-sectional surface showing scattered vascular bundles. It has a mild aroma and slightly sweet taste. (2) Achyranthes bidentata var. pubescens, the rhizome is short and thick, 2-6 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in diameter. There are 4-9 twisted roots, 10-20 cm long, 0.4-1.2 cm in diameter, gradually tapering downwards. The surface is grayish-brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles and traces of removed root hairs. The texture is hard with some elasticity, easy to break, the cross-sectional surface of the skin is light gray-brown, slightly shiny, with numerous scattered point-like vascular bundles. It has a mild aroma, initially slightly sweet and then astringent taste. (3) Achyranthes bidentata var. major, the rhizome is short and cylindrical, gray-brown in color, with numerous cylindrical and elongated roots growing around it, 6-10 cm long, 2-5 mm thick, slightly curved. The surface is gray-brown with shallow longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is hard, easy to break, the fibrous cross-sectional surface is light grayish-blue to grayish-white. It has a mild taste and no odor. (4) Achyranthes bidentata var. obtusifolia, similar in shape to Achyranthes bidentata var. major, slightly larger.2. Appearance of sliced herbs: Sliced diagonally into thin slices or small pieces, the outer surface is gray-brown with fine longitudinal wrinkles, the cut surface is yellow-brown, some are hollow, and the vascular bundles are arranged in 2-4 rounds in a dot-like pattern. The texture is tough, with a mild aroma, and a slightly sweet and astringent taste. Botanical information: Morphological characteristics.

1、植物牛膝，多年生草本，高70～120厘米；根圆柱形，直径5～10毫米，土黄色；茎有棱角或四方形，绿色或带紫色，有白色贴生或开展柔毛，或近无毛，分枝对生。叶片椭圆形或椭圆披针形，少数倒披针形，长4.5～12厘米，宽2～7.5厘米，顶端尾尖，尖长5～10毫米，基部楔形或宽楔形，两面有贴生或开展柔毛；叶柄长5～30毫米，有柔毛。穗状花序顶生及腋生，长3～5厘米，花期后反折；总花梗长1～2厘米，有白色柔毛；花多数，密生，长5毫米；苞片宽卵形，长2～3毫米，顶端长渐尖；小苞片刺状，长2.5～3毫米，顶端弯曲，基部两侧各有1卵形膜质小裂片，长约1毫米；花被片披针形，长3～5毫米，光亮，顶端急尖，有1中脉；雄蕊长2～2.5毫米；退化雄蕊顶端平圆，稍有缺刻状细锯齿。胞果矩圆形，长2～2.5毫米，黄褐色，光滑。种子矩圆形，长1毫米，黄褐色。花期7～9月，果期9～10月。2、植物柳叶牛膝，与牛膝相似，叶片披针形或宽披针形，长10～20厘米，宽2～5厘米，顶端尾尖；小苞片针状，长3.5毫米，基部有2耳状薄片，仅有缘毛；退化雄蕊方形，顶端有不显明牙齿。花果期9～11月。3、植物粗毛牛膝，别名土牛膝，多年生草本，高20～120厘米；根细长，直径3～5毫米，土黄色；茎四棱形，有柔毛，节部稍膨大，分枝对生。叶片纸质，宽卵状倒卵形或椭圆状矩圆形，长1.5～7厘米，宽0.4～4厘米，顶端圆钝，具突尖，基部楔形或圆形，全缘或波状缘，两面密生柔毛，或近无毛；叶柄长5～15毫米，密生柔毛或近无毛。穗状花序顶生，直立，长10～30厘米，花期后反折；总花梗具棱角，粗壮，坚硬，密生白色伏贴或开展柔毛；花长3～4毫米，疏生；苞片披针形，长3～4毫米，顶端长渐尖，小苞片刺状，长2.5～4.5毫米，坚硬，光亮，常带紫色，基部两侧各有1个薄膜质翅，长1.5～2毫米，全缘，全部贴生在刺部，但易于分离；花被片披针形，长3.5～5毫米，长渐尖，花后变硬且锐尖，具1脉；雄蕊长2.5～3.5毫米；退化雄蕊顶端截状或细圆齿状，有具分枝流苏状长缘毛。胞果卵形，长2.5～3毫米。种子卵形，不扁压，长约2毫米，棕色。花期6～8月，果期10月。4、植物钝叶土牛膝，茎密生白色或黄色长柔毛。叶片倒卵形，长1.5～6.5厘米，宽2～4厘米，顶端圆钝，常有凸尖，基部宽楔形，边缘波状，两面密生柔毛。分布区域

1. Plant Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, a perennial herb, grows to a height of 70-120 centimeters; its roots are cylindrical, with a diameter of 5-10 millimeters, and are yellowish-brown in color. The stems are angular or square, green or purplish, with white appressed or spreading soft hairs, or nearly hairless, and opposite branches. The leaves are elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, with a few lanceolate ones, measuring 4.5-12 centimeters in length and 2-7.5 centimeters in width. The apex is pointed, 5-10 millimeters long, and the base is wedge-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped. Both sides have appressed or spreading soft hairs. The petioles are 5-30 millimeters long, with soft hairs. The spike-like inflorescences are terminal and axillary, 3-5 centimeters long, and bend backward after flowering. The peduncles are 1-2 centimeters long, with white soft hairs. The flowers are numerous, densely packed, and 5 millimeters long. The bracts are broadly ovate, 2-3 millimeters long, with a long tapering tip at the apex. The bracteoles are spine-like, 2.5-3 millimeters long, with a curved tip, and each side of the base has a membranous small split piece, about 1 millimeter long. The petals are lanceolate, 3-5 millimeters long, shiny, with an acute apex and a central vein. The stamens are 2-2.5 millimeters long, and the degenerate stamens have a slightly notched, finely serrated apex. The capsules are rectangular, 2-2.5 millimeters long, brownish-yellow, and smooth. The seeds are rectangular, 1 millimeter long, and brownish-yellow. The flowering period is from July to September, and the fruiting period is from September to October.2. Plant Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae var. wilsonii, similar to Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, has lanceolate or wide-lanceolate leaves, 10-20 centimeters long and 2-5 centimeters wide, with a pointed apex. The bracteoles are needle-like, 3.5 millimeters long, with two ear-shaped thin pieces at the base, and only marginal hairs. The degenerate stamens are square, with indistinct teeth at the apex. The flowering and fruiting period is from September to November.3. Plant Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae var. robusta, also known as Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae var. heterophylla, is a perennial herb, 20-120 centimeters tall, with slender roots, 3-5 millimeters in diameter, and yellowish-brown. The stems are quadrangular, with soft hairs, slightly swollen at the nodes, and opposite branches. The leaves are papery, broadly ovate, inverted ovate, or elliptic-oblong, 1.5-7 centimeters long and 0.4-4 centimeters wide, with a rounded and blunt apex, sometimes with a prominent tip, a wedge-shaped or round base, entire or undulating margins, densely covered with soft hairs on both sides, or nearly hairless. The petioles are 5-15 millimeters long, densely covered with soft hairs or nearly hairless. The spike-like inflorescences are terminal, erect, 10-30 centimeters long, bending backward after flowering. The peduncles are angular, stout, hard, densely covered with white appressed or spreading soft hairs. The flowers are 3-4 millimeters long, sparsely distributed. The bracts are lanceolate, 3-4 millimeters long, with a long tapering tip at the apex. The bracteoles are spine-like, 2.5-4.5 millimeters long, hard, shiny, often purplish, with a thin membranous wing on each side of the base, 1.5-2 millimeters long, entire, all appressed to the spine, but easy to separate. The petals are lanceolate, 3.5-5 millimeters long, tapering at the apex, becoming hard and sharp after flowering, with a vein. The stamens are 2.5-3.5 millimeters long, and the degenerate stamens have a truncated or finely toothed apex, with branched fringe-like long marginal hairs. The capsules are ovoid, 2.5-3 millimeters long. The seeds are ovoid, not flattened, about 2 millimeters long, brown. The flowering period is from June to August, and the fruiting period is in October.4. Plant Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae var. obtusifolia has stems densely covered with long white or yellow soft hairs. The leaves are inverted ovate, 1.5-6.5 centimeters long and 2-4 centimeters wide, with a rounded and blunt apex, often with a prominent tip, a broadly wedge-shaped base, undulating margins, and densely covered with soft hairs on both sides. Distribution area: [missing information].

1、植物牛膝，除东北外全国广布，朝鲜、苏联、印度、越南、菲律宾、马来西亚、非洲均有分布。2、植物柳叶牛膝，分布于我国陕西、浙江、江西、湖南、湖北、四川、云南、贵州、广东、台湾，日本也有分布。3、植物粗毛牛膝，分布于我国湖南、江西、福建、台湾、广东、广西、四川、云南、贵州，印度、越南、菲律宾、马来西亚等地也有分布。4、植物钝叶土牛膝，分布于我国台湾、广东、四川、云南，印度及斯里兰卡也有分布。生长环境

1. Plant Achyranthes bidentata is widely distributed throughout China except for the northeast region, and can also be found in North Korea, the Soviet Union, India, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Africa.2. Plant Achyranthes bidentata var. pubescens is distributed in Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, and Taiwan in China, and also in Japan.3. Plant Achyranthes bidentata var. chaffey is distributed in Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou in China, and also in India, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia.4. Plant Achyranthes bidentata var. obtusifolia is distributed in Taiwan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan in China, and also in India and Sri Lanka. Growth environment.

1、植物牛膝，生于山坡林下，海拔200～1750米。2、植物柳叶牛膝，生于山坡。3、粗毛牛膝，生于山坡疏林或村庄附近空旷地，海拔800～2300米。4、钝叶土牛膝，生于田埂、路边、河旁。

1. Achyranthes bidentata, a plant that grows under the forest on the mountainside at an altitude of 200 to 1750 meters.2. Achyranthes bidentata var. chaffanjonii, a plant that grows on the mountainside.3. Achyranthes bidentata var. pubescens, a plant that grows on the sparse forested mountainside or in open areas near villages at an altitude of 800 to 2300 meters.4. Achyranthes bidentata var. aspera, a plant that grows on ridges, roadsides, and riverbanks.