苦菜，中药名。为菊科植物苦苣菜SonchusoleraceusL.的全草。分布于全国各地。具有清热解毒，凉血止血之功效。常用于肠炎，痢疾，黄疸，淋证，咽喉肿痛，痈疮肿毒，乳腺炎，痔瘘，吐血，衄血，咯血，尿血，便血，崩漏。
Ku-cai, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. 苦菜) refers to the whole herb of Sonchus oleraceus L., a plant of the Asteraceae family. It is distributed throughout the country. It is known for its functions of clearing heat, detoxifying, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding. It is commonly used for enteritis, dysentery, jaundice, gonorrhea, sore throat, carbuncle, mastitis, hemorrhoids, vomiting blood, bleeding, hemoptysis, hematuria, hematochezia, and menorrhagia.

功效作用 功能
Efficacy and Functions

清热解毒，凉血止血。主治
Clearing heat and detoxifying, cooling blood and stopping bleeding. Mainly used for治疗。

肠炎，痢疾，黄疸，淋证，咽喉肿痛，痈疮肿毒，乳腺炎，痔瘘，吐血，衄血，咯血，尿血，便血，崩漏。用法用量
Enteritis, dysentery, jaundice, gonorrhea, sore throat, carbuncle, mastitis, hemorrhoids, vomiting blood, hematochezia, hemoptysis, hematuria, rectal bleeding, menometrorrhagia. Dosage and administration.

内服：煎汤，15-30g。外用：适量，鲜品捣敷；或煎汤熏洗；或取汁涂搽。注意事项
Internal use: Decoction, 15-30g. External use: appropriate amount, fresh product mashed for application; or decocted for fumigation and washing; or juice extracted for topical application. Precautions.

1、《本草经疏》：“脾胃虚寒者忌之。”2、《随息居饮食谱》：“不可共蜜食。”药理作用

1. "Avoid for those with Spleen and Stomach deficiency and coldness." - "Annotations on the Classic of Materia Medica"2. "Do not consume honey together." - "Dietary Prescriptions for Health Maintenance"Pharmacological effects

抗肿瘤作用。相关论述
Anti-tumor effects. Relevant discussions.

1、《蜀本草》：“《图经》云：春花夏实，至秋复生，花而不实，经冬不凋。”2、《滇南本草》：“苦马菜，一名羊奶菜。纯阴之物，得向阴之处则生。”临床应用 相关配伍

1. "Shu Ben Cao": "The 'Tu Jing' states: 'Blooming in spring, bearing fruit in summer, regenerating in autumn. Flowers without bearing fruit, do not wither through winter.'"2. "Dian Nan Ben Cao": "Bitter chicory, also known as sheep's milk herb. A pure yin substance, it thrives in shady places." Clinical applications and related combinations.

1、治暴热身黄，大便闭塞：苦菜煮汁服之。（《普济方》）2、治黄疸：苦苣菜花子（研细）10g。水煎服。（《东北药用植物志》）3、治对口恶疮：野苦荬擂汁一钟，入姜汁一匙。和酒服，以渣敷。（《纲目》引《唐瑶经验方》）4、治虫蛇咬：用苦荬捣后敷之。（《卫生易简方》）附注

1. Treat high fever and constipation: Drink the juice of bitter vegetables. (From "Puji Fang")2. Treat jaundice: Take 10g of finely ground bitter lettuce seeds, decoct in water and drink. (From "Northeast Medicinal Plants")3. Treat oral ulcers: Grind a bowl of wild bitter vegetables, add a spoonful of ginger juice, mix with alcohol for oral intake, and use the residue for external application. (From "Compendium" citing "Tang Yao Experience Formula")4. Treat insect or snake bites: Crush bitter vegetables and apply topically. (From "Simplified Health Formula") Note:

长白山区同属植物尚有1种：续断菊S.asper（L.）Hill.叶基部扩大呈圆耳状抱茎；瘦果边缘无微齿，纵肋间具横皱纹。加工炮制 采收加工
In the Changbai Mountain area, there is another plant belonging to the same species: Saussurea aspera (L.) Hill. Its leaves have enlarged rounded auricles at the base, and the thin fruits have smooth edges without tiny teeth, with transverse wrinkles between the longitudinal ribs. It is harvested and processed after collection.

冬、春、夏三季均可采收，鲜用或晒干。药材鉴别 药材性状
Winter, spring, and summer are all suitable for harvesting, and the herbs can be used fresh or dried. Medicinal herbs identification and properties.

根呈纺锤形，灰褐色，有多数须根。茎呈圆柱形，上部呈压扁状，长45-95cm，直径4-8mm，表面黄绿色，茎基部略带淡紫色，具纵棱，上部有暗褐色腺毛；质脆，易折断，断面中空。叶互生，皱缩破碎，完整叶展平后呈椭圆状广披针形，琴状羽裂，裂片边缘有不整齐的短刺状齿。有的在茎顶可见头状花序，舌状花淡黄色，或有的已结果。气微，味微咸。植物学信息 植物种属
The roots are spindle-shaped, gray-brown, with numerous root hairs. The stem is cylindrical, slightly flattened at the top, 45-95cm long, 4-8mm in diameter, yellow-green on the surface, slightly purplish at the base, with longitudinal ridges, and dark brown glandular hairs on the upper part; brittle in texture, easily broken, with a hollow cross-section. The leaves are alternate, wrinkled and fragmented, when fully expanded they are elliptic lanceolate, pinnately lobed, with irregular short prickly teeth along the edges of the lobes. Some plants may have head-like inflorescences at the top of the stem, with ligulate flowers in pale yellow color, or some may have already fruited. The plant has a faint odor and a slightly salty taste. Botanical information about the plant species.

菊科植物苦苣菜。形态特征
Chrysanthemum bittercress, a plant of the Asteraceae family. Morphological characteristics.

一年生或二年生草本。根圆锥状，垂直直伸，有多数纤维状的须根。茎直立，单生，高40-150厘米，有纵条棱或条纹，不分枝或上部有短的伞房花序状或总状花序式分枝，全部茎枝光滑无毛，或上部花序分枝及花序梗被头状具柄的腺毛。基生叶羽状深裂，全形长椭圆形或倒披针形，或大头羽状深裂，全形倒披针形，或基生叶不裂，椭圆形、椭圆状戟形、三角形、或三角状戟形或圆形，全部基生叶基部渐狭成长或短翼柄；中下部茎叶羽状深裂或大头状羽状深裂，全形椭圆形或倒披针形，长3-12厘米，宽2-7厘米，基部急狭成翼柄，翼狭窄或宽大，向柄基且逐渐加宽，柄基圆耳状抱茎，顶裂片与侧裂片等大或较大或大，宽三角形、戟状宽三角形、卵状心形，侧生裂片1-5对，椭圆形，常下弯，全部裂片顶端急尖或渐尖，下部茎叶或接花序分枝下方的叶与中下部茎叶同型并等样分裂或不分裂而披针形或线状披针形，且顶端长渐尖，下部宽大，基部半抱茎；全部叶或裂片边缘及抱茎小耳边缘有大小不等的急尖锯齿或大锯齿或上部及接花序分枝处的叶，边缘大部全缘或上半部边缘全缘，顶端急尖或渐尖，两面光滑毛，质地薄。头状花序少数在茎枝顶端排紧密的伞房花序或总状花序或单生茎枝顶端。总苞宽钟状，长1.5厘米，宽1厘米；总苞片3-4层，覆瓦状排列，向内层渐长；外层长披针形或长三角形，长3-7毫米，宽1-3毫米，中内层长披针形至线状披针形，长8-11毫米，宽1-2毫米；全部总苞片顶端长急尖，外面无毛或外层或中内层上部沿中脉有少数头状具柄的腺毛。舌状小花多数，黄色。瘦果褐色，长椭圆形或长椭圆状倒披针形，长3毫米，宽不足1毫米，压扁，每面各有3条细脉，肋间有横皱纹，顶端狭，无喙，冠毛白色，长7毫米，单毛状，彼此纠缠。花果期5-12月。分布区域
A one or two-year herbaceous plant. The roots are conical, vertically extending, with numerous fibrous rootlets. The stem is erect, solitary, 40-150 centimeters tall, with longitudinal ridges or stripes, unbranched or with short umbel-like or corymbose inflorescences in the upper part, all stem branches are smooth and hairless, or the upper part of the inflorescence branches and peduncles are glandular-hairy with head-shaped stalks. The basal leaves are pinnately deeply lobed, entire elongate-elliptic or inverted-lanceolate, or large pinnately deeply lobed, entire inverted-lanceolate, or basal leaves not lobed, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, triangular, or triangular-lanceolate or circular, all basal leaves gradually narrowing into long or short winged petioles; middle and lower stem leaves pinnately deeply lobed or large pinnately deeply lobed, entire elliptic or inverted-lanceolate, 3-12 centimeters long, 2-7 centimeters wide, abruptly narrowing into winged petioles at the base, wings narrow or wide, gradually widening towards the base, petiole base rounded-auriculate embracing the stem, terminal lobes and lateral lobes equal or larger, wide triangular, lanceolate wide triangular, ovate cordate, lateral lobes 1-5 pairs, elliptic, often downward curved, all lobes with acute or gradually acute tips, lower stem leaves or leaves below the inflorescence branches similar to the middle and lower stem leaves and either equally lobed or not lobed but lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, gradually tapering at the tip, wide at the base, semi-amplexicaul; all leaves or lobes with unevenly sized acute serrations or large serrations on the edges or leaves at the upper part and inflorescence branches, mostly entire on the edges or entirely on the upper half of the edges, acute or gradually acute at the tip, smooth and hairy on both sides, thin texture. The capitulum inflorescences are few, densely arranged in umbel-like or corymbose inflorescences at the top of the stem branches or solitary at the top of the stem branches. The involucre is broadly campanulate, 1.5 centimeters long, 1 centimeter wide; involucral bracts 3-4 layers, imbricate, gradually longer towards the inner layers; outer bracts long lanceolate or long triangular, 3-7 millimeters long, 1-3 millimeters wide, middle to inner bracts long lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8-11 millimeters long, 1-2 millimeters wide; the tips of all involucral bracts are long and acute, hairless on the outside or with a few glandular hairs on the upper part of the outer or middle inner bracts along the midrib. The ligulate florets are numerous, yellow. The achene is brown, elongate-elliptic or elongate-elliptic inverted-lanceolate, 3 millimeters long, less than 1 millimeter wide, compressed, with 3 fine veins on each side, transverse wrinkles between the ribs, narrow at the tip, without a beak, white pappus, 7 millimeters long, single hair-like, entangled with each other. Flowering and fruiting period is from May to December. Distribution area.

全国各地。生长环境
Throughout the country. Growing environment.

生于田边、山野、路旁。
Born in fields, mountains, and by the roadside.