苦菜根，中药名。为菊科植物苦苣菜SonchusoleraceusL.的根。分布于全国各地。具有散瘀止血之功效。常用于血淋，小便不利。
Ku-cai-gen, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. Root of Sonchus oleraceus L.), is the root of the Asteraceae plant Sonchus oleraceus L. It is distributed throughout the country and has the function of promoting blood circulation and stopping bleeding. It is often used for blood stranguria and difficult urination.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

散瘀止血。
Promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis and stopping bleeding.

主治 Indications

血淋，小便不利。
Hematuria, difficult urination.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，30-45g（鲜用）。
Internal use: Decoction, 30-45g (fresh).

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

《本草纲目》：“治血淋，利小便。”
"Compendium of Materia Medica": "Treats hematuria and promotes urination."

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：夏、秋二季挖根，洗净，晒干或鲜用。
Collection and processing: In summer and autumn, the roots are dug, cleaned, and dried in the sun or used fresh.

药材鉴别 Medicinal Materials Identification

药材性状：根呈纺锤形，灰褐色，有多数须根。
Characteristics of medicinal material: The roots are spindle-shaped, gray-brown, with numerous fibrous roots.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：菊科植物苦苣菜。
Plant species: Chrysanthemum bittercress, a plant of the Asteraceae family.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

一年生或二年生草本。根圆锥状，垂直直伸，有多数纤维状的须根。茎直立，单生，高40-150厘米，有纵条棱或条纹，不分枝或上部有短的伞房花序状或总状花序式分枝，全部茎枝光滑无毛，或上部花序分枝及花序梗被头状具柄的腺毛。基生叶羽状深裂，全形长椭圆形或倒披针形，或大头羽状深裂，全形倒披针形，或基生叶不裂，椭圆形、椭圆状戟形、三角形、或三角状戟形或圆形，全部基生叶基部渐狭成长或短翼柄；中下部茎叶羽状深裂或大头状羽状深裂，全形椭圆形或倒披针形，长3-12厘米，宽2-7厘米，基部急狭成翼柄，翼狭窄或宽大，向柄基且逐渐加宽，柄基圆耳状抱茎，顶裂片与侧裂片等大或较大或大，宽三角形、戟状宽三角形、卵状心形，侧生裂片1-5对，椭圆形，常下弯，全部裂片顶端急尖或渐尖，下部茎叶或接花序分枝下方的叶与中下部茎叶同型并等样分裂或不分裂而披针形或线状披针形，且顶端长渐尖，下部宽大，基部半抱茎；全部叶或裂片边缘及抱茎小耳边缘有大小不等的急尖锯齿或大锯齿或上部及接花序分枝处的叶，边缘大部全缘或上半部边缘全缘，顶端急尖或渐尖，两面光滑无毛，质地薄。头状花序少数在茎枝顶端排紧密的伞房花序或总状花序或单生茎枝顶端。总苞宽钟状，长1.5厘米，宽1厘米；总苞片3-4层，覆瓦状排列，向内层渐长；外层长披针形或长三角形，长3-7毫米，宽1-3毫米，中内层长披针形至线状披针形，长8-11毫米，宽1-2毫米；全部总苞片顶端长急尖，外面无毛或外层或中内层上部沿中脉有少数头状具柄的腺毛。舌状小花多数，黄色。瘦果褐色，长椭圆形或长椭圆状倒披针形，长3毫米，宽不足1毫米，压扁，每面各有3条细脉，肋间有横皱纹，顶端狭，无喙，冠毛白色，长7毫米，单毛状，彼此纠缠。花果期5-12月。
It is an annual or biennial herb. The roots are conical, vertically extending, with numerous fibrous rootlets. The stem is erect, solitary, 40–150 cm tall, with longitudinal ridges or stripes, unbranched or with short corymbose or racemose inflorescences in the upper part; all stems and branches are smooth and hairless, or have stalked glandular hairs on the inflorescence branches and pedicels in the upper part. Basal leaves are pinnately deeply lobed, entire shape being elongated elliptic or inverted lanceolate, or large-headed pinnately deeply lobed, entire shape inverted lanceolate, or sometimes unlobed—elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, triangular, triangular-lanceolate, or circular. All basal leaves gradually narrow into long or short winged petioles. Middle and lower stem leaves are pinnately deeply lobed or large-headed pinnately deeply lobed, entire shape elliptic or inverted lanceolate, 3–12 cm long, 2–7 cm wide, abruptly narrowing into winged petioles at the base; wings are narrow or broad, gradually widening toward the petiole base, with rounded, ear-like, clasping bases. Terminal lobes are equal to, larger than, or much larger than lateral lobes—broadly triangular, hastate-triangular, or ovate-heart-shaped. Lateral lobes occur in 1–5 pairs, elliptic, often downward-curving, with acute or gradually pointed tips. Lower stem leaves or those below the inflorescence resemble middle and lower stem leaves in form and division, or are undivided, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, with long-acuminate tips, broad at the base, semi-clasping the stem. Margins of all leaves or lobes and the small clasping auricles bear uneven acute serrations, large teeth, or are mostly entire, especially in upper parts or near inflorescence branches, with acute or gradually pointed tips. Both surfaces are smooth and glabrous, with thin texture. Capitula are few, densely arranged in corymbose or racemose inflorescences at the top of stems or solitary at stem apices. Involucre broadly campanulate, 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide; phyllaries in 3–4 layers, imbricated, becoming longer inward; outer ones lanceolate or long-triangular, 3–7 mm × 1–3 mm; middle and inner ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8–11 mm × 1–2 mm; all phyllary tips are long-acuminate, glabrous externally or with a few stalked glandular hairs along the midrib on upper parts of outer or middle-inner layers. Ligulate florets numerous, yellow. Achenes brown, oblong-elliptic or oblong-elliptic-inverted-lanceolate, 3 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, compressed, with 3 fine veins per face, transversely wrinkled between ribs, narrowed at apex, beakless, with white pappus 7 mm long, capillary and intertwined. Flowering and fruiting from May to December.

分布区域 Distribution Area

分布于全国各地。
Distributed throughout the country.

生长环境 Growing Environment

生于田边、山野、路旁。
Grows on field margins, wildlands, and roadsides.