水苦荬，中药名。为玄参科植物北水苦荬Veronicaanagallis-aquaticaL.及水苦荬VeromicaundulataWall.的带虫瘿果实的全草。具有清热解毒，活血止血的功效。主治感冒，咽痛，劳伤咯血，痢疾，血淋，月经不调，疮肿，跌打损伤。
Shui-ku-mai, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. It refers to the whole plant of Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. and Veronica undulata Wall. of the family Scrophulariaceae, including the fruit with gallbladder. It has the functions of clearing heat, detoxifying, promoting blood circulation, and stopping bleeding. It is mainly used for treating colds, sore throat, hemoptysis due to strain, dysentery, hematuria, irregular menstruation, sores and swellings, and bruises.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清热解毒，活血止血。
Clearing heat and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation and stopping bleeding.

主治 Indications

感冒，咽痛，劳伤咯血，痢疾，血淋，月经不调，疮肿，跌打损伤。
Common cold, sore throat, coughing up blood due to overexertion, dysentery, hematuria, irregular menstruation, abscesses, and bruises.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，10-30g；或研末。外用：适量，鲜品捣敷。
Internal use: decoction, 10-30g; or powdered. External use: appropriate amount, fresh product for poultice.

化学成分 Chemical Composition

北水苦荬全草含苯甲酸，原儿茶酸，咖啡酸，对-羟基苯甲酸，香草酸，对-香豆酸，阿魏酸，异阿魏酸，桃叶珊瑚甙，梓醇，木犀草素-7-葡萄糖甙，葡萄糖，果糖，蔗糖，4′-甲氧基高山黄芩素-7-O-D-葡萄糖甙，6-羟基木犀草素-7-O-D-葡萄糖甙，6-羟基木犀草素-7-O-二葡萄糖甙，大波斯菊甙和木犀草素-7-O-吡喃葡萄糖甙。
The whole plant of Beishui Kumai contains benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, aucubin, catalpol, luteolin-7-glucoside, glucose, fructose, sucrose, 4'-methoxywogonin-7-O-D-glucoside, 6-hydroxywogonin-7-O-D-glucoside, 6-hydroxywogonin-7-O-diglucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and luteolin-7-O-primeveroside.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

《食物考》：“治风热上壅，咽喉肿痛，及项上风疬，以酒摩服。”
"Food Considerations": "For treating wind-heat obstruction, throat swelling and pain, as well as wind sores on the neck, use alcohol for rubbing and application."

《中国药用植物图鉴》：“全草解热，利尿，用于风热上壅，咽喉肿痛；果实治腰痛，肾虚。”
"Illustrated Handbook of Chinese Medicinal Plants": "The whole plant has febrifuge and diuretic properties, used for wind-heat obstruction, throat swelling and pain; the fruit is used for treating lower back pain and kidney deficiency."

《四川中药志》1960年版：“治跌打损伤，痨伤咳血，咳嗽虚弱及疝气。”
"Sichuan Materia Medica", 1960 edition: "For treating bruises, consumption-related coughing up of blood, weak coughs and hernias."

《贵州草药》：“和血，止痛，通经止血。治吐血，经闭，跌打红肿。”
"Guizhou Herbal Medicine": "Harmonizes blood, relieves pain, regulates menstruation and stops bleeding. Used for treating vomiting blood, amenorrhea, bruises from falls."

《云南中草药》：“壮阳补肾，接骨止血。治阳痿，月经不调，崩漏，白带，胎动不安，血小板减少性紫癜，跌打损伤，骨折。”
"Yunnan Chinese Herbal Medicine": "Tonifies yang, nourishes the kidneys, sets bones and stops bleeding. Used for treating impotence, irregular menstruation, menorrhagia, leukorrhea, restless fetus, thrombocytopenic purpura, bruises from falls, fractures."

《陕西中草药》：“止血，止痛，活血，消肿，清热利尿，降血压。治咯血，风湿痛，胃痛，跌打损伤，骨折，疖痈，无名肿毒，痛经，月经不调，咽喉肿痛，高血压。”
"Shaanxi Chinese Herbal Medicine": "Stops bleeding, relieves pain, promotes blood circulation, reduces swelling, clears heat, diuretic, lowers blood pressure. Used for treating hemoptysis, rheumatic pain, stomach pain, bruises from falls, fractures, carbuncles, unidentified swellings, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, throat swelling and pain, hypertension."

临床应用 Clinical Applications

治妇女产后感冒：水苦荬煎水，加红糖服。（《南京民间药草》）
Treating postpartum cold in women: Decoct water with bitter apricot kernels, add brown sugar to take. (From "Folk Medicinal Herbs of Nanjing")

治咽喉肿痛：水苦荬30g。水煎服。（《内蒙古中草药》）
Treating sore throat: Take 30g of bitter apricot kernels, decoct in water and drink. (From "Inner Mongolia Herbal Medicine")

治咳血，咯血：①水苦荬、藕节各30g，仙鹤草15g。水煎服。（《全国中草药汇编》）②吐血用新鲜接骨仙桃草（适量）捣汁，加人乳和服。（《百草镜》）
Treating coughing up blood: ① Take 30g each of bitter apricot kernels and lotus nodes, and 15g of herba agrimoniae. Decoct in water and drink. (From "Compilation of National Herbal Medicines") ② For vomiting blood, mash fresh herb Paris polyphylla (appropriate amount), extract juice, add human milk and take. (From "Compendium of Materia Medica")

治月经不调，痛经：水苦荬15g，益母草12g，当归9g。水煎服。（《全国中草药汇编》）
Treating irregular menstruation and menstrual pain: Take 15g of bitter apricot kernels, 12g of motherwort, and 9g of Chinese angelica. Decoct in water and drink. (From "Compilation of National Herbal Medicines")

治闭经：水仙桃草30g，血巴木根30g。泡酒温服。（《贵州草药》）
Treating amenorrhea: Take 30g of herb Paris polyphylla and 30g of root of blood-stanching herb. Soak in liquor, warm and drink. (From "Herbal Medicine of Guizhou")

治跌打损伤：①水苦荬适量。研末，每服4.5g，每日2-3次，兑黄酒和服。（《内蒙古中草药》）②水苦荬、金雀根、接骨木、落得打各15g。水煎服。（《浙江药用植物志》）
Treating bruises and injuries: ① Take an appropriate amount of bitter apricot kernels. Grind into powder, take 4.5g per dose, 2-3 times a day, mix with yellow wine and take. (From "Inner Mongolia Herbal Medicine") ② Take 15g each of bitter apricot kernels, radix cynanchi atrati, eucommia ulmoides, and arnica montana. Decoct in water and drink. (From "Zhejiang Herbal Plant Records")

治痈肿，无名肿毒：鲜水苦荬、鲜蒲公英各适量。共捣烂外敷。（《陕西中草药》）
Treating abscesses and unknown swellings: Take fresh bitter apricot kernels and fresh dandelion in appropriate amounts. Mash together and apply externally. (From "Shaanxi Herbal Medicine")

治肝气，胃气，小肠疝症：用仙桃草有虫者、金橘核、福橘核、荜澄茄各等分。为末，砂糖调丸绿豆大，每晚服一钱许。至重者，二服断根。（《纲目拾遗》）
Treating liver qi, stomach qi, and small intestine hernia: Take equal parts of wormwood with insects, orange seeds, kumquat seeds, and Solanum anguivi. Grind into powder, mix with sugar to form pills the size of green beans, take one pill every night. For severe cases, take two pills until symptoms improve. (From "Summary of Omissions")

治男子精寒，妇人血虚而子宫久冷，不能受胎：以附子一分，此草（无风自动草）一分。共为细末，研泥为丸，入于子宫，可受孕也。男子一服而精暖也。（《滇南本草》）
Treating cold essence in men, blood deficiency in women leading to prolonged cold uterus and infertility: Take one part of aconite, and one part of this herb (spontaneous generation herb). Grind into fine powder, form into pills, insert into the uterus for fertility. Men can take one pill to warm the essence. (From "Yunnan Herbal Medicine")

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：夏季果实中红虫未逸出前采收有虫瘿的全草，洗净，切碎，鲜用或晒干。
Harvest and process: In summer, harvest the whole plant with insect galls before the red insects emerge from the fruits. Wash and chop the plant, then use it fresh or dry it.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：玄参科婆婆纳属北水苦荬及水苦荬。
The genus Veronica in the family Scrophulariaceae includes Beishui Kumai and Shuikuma.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

1、北水苦荬：多年生（稀为一年生）草本，高10-100cm。通常无毛，有的在花序轴、花梗、花萼、蒴果上有疏腺毛。根茎斜走。茎直立，中空，富肉质，基部略倾斜。叶对生；无柄，上部的叶半抱茎；叶片多为卵圆形或长卵形，少为卵状长圆形，长2-10cm，宽1-3.5cm，先端钝圆或锐尖，全缘或具波状齿。总状花序腋生，长于叶，多花；花梗与苞片近等长，上升与花序轴成锐角；花萼4深裂，裂片卵状披针形，急尖，长约3mm；花冠浅蓝色、淡紫色或白色，直径4-5mm，筒部极短，裂片宽卵形；雄蕊2，短于花冠；子房上位，柱头头状。蒴果近圆形，先端微凹，长宽近相等，常有小虫寄生，寄生后果实膨大成圆球形。种子细小，长圆形，扁平，无毛。花期4-9月。

1. Beishui Kuying: Perennial (rarely annual) herb, 10-100cm tall. Usually glabrous, some with sparse glandular hairs on the inflorescence axis, pedicels, calyx, and capsules. Rhizomes oblique. Stems erect, hollow, fleshy, slightly inclined at the base. Leaves opposite; sessile, upper leaves semi-clasping the stem; leaf blades mostly ovate or oblong-ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 2-10cm long, 1-3.5cm wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire or serrate. Racemes axillary, longer than the leaves, many-flowered; pedicels and bracts nearly equal in length, forming an acute angle with the inflorescence axis; calyx deeply 4-lobed, lobes lanceolate, acute, about 3mm long; corolla pale blue, light purple, or white, 4-5mm in diameter, tube very short, lobes broadly ovate; stamens 2, shorter than the corolla; ovary superior, style head-shaped. Capsule nearly round, slightly concave at the apex, length and width nearly equal, often parasitized by small insects, swelling into a round ball after parasitism. Seeds small, oblong, flattened, glabrous. Flowering period from April to September.

2、水苦荬：本种与上种在体态上极相似，惟植株稍矮。叶片有时为条状披针形，通常叶缘有尖锯齿；茎、花序轴、花梗、花萼和蒴果上多少有大头针状腺毛，花梗在果期挺直，横叉开与花序轴几乎成直角，因而花序宽过1cm，可达1.5cm；花柱也较短，长1-1.5mm。
2. Shuikuma: This species is very similar to the previous one in appearance, but the plants are slightly shorter. The leaf blades are sometimes linear-lanceolate, usually with sharp serrations on the margins; stems, inflorescence axis, pedicels, calyx, and capsules are more or less covered with large glandular hairs, pedicels become erect during fruiting, forming almost a right angle with the inflorescence axis, making the inflorescence wider than 1cm, up to 1.5cm; styles are also shorter, 1-1.5mm long.

分布区域 Distribution Area

1、北水苦荬：分布于长江以北及西南各地。

1. Beishui Kuying: Distributed in areas north of the Yangtze River and in the southwest.

2、水苦荬：分布于除内蒙古、宁夏、青海、西藏外的各地。
2. Shuikuma: Distributed in areas except for Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Tibet.

生长环境 Growing Environment

1、北水苦荬：生于水边及沼地。

1. Beishui Kuying: Grows by the water and in marshes.

2、水苦荬：生于水边及沼泽。
2. Shuikuma: Grows by the water and in swamps.