萱草嫩苗，中药名。为百合科植物萱草Hemerocallisfulva（L.）L.、北黄花菜HemerocallislilioasphodelusL.、黄花菜HemerocalliscitrinaBaroni、小黄花菜HemerocallisminorMill.的嫩苗。萱草分布于全国各地；北黄花菜分布于黑龙江、辽宁、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、山东、江苏等地；黄花菜分布于河北、陕西、甘肃、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、四川等地；小黄花菜分布于东北、河北、江苏、江西、山东、山西、陕西等地。具有清热利湿之功效。常用于胸膈烦热，黄疸，小便短赤。
Xuan-cao-nen-miao, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. efers to the tender shoots of plants in the Liliaceae family, including Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L., Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L., Hemerocallis citrina Baroni, and Hemerocallis minor Mill. Xuan-cao is distributed throughout the country, while Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus is found in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, and other regions. Hemerocallis citrina is distributed in Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, and Sichuan, and Hemerocallis minor is found in the northeast, Hebei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. These plants are known for their ability to clear heat and dampness, and are commonly used for symptoms such as chest stuffiness and heat, jaundice, and scanty dark urine.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清热利湿。
Clearing heat and dampness.

主治 Indications

用于胸膈烦热，黄疸，小便短赤。
Used for chest stuffiness and heat, jaundice, and short red urine.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，鲜者15-30g。外用：适量，捣敷。
Internal use: Decoction, 15-30g of fresh herb. External use: appropriate amount, pounded for application.

相关论述 Relevant Discussions

1、《日华子》：“治小便赤涩，身体烦热，除酒疸。”

1. "Rihuazi": "Treats red and painful urination, restlessness and heat in the body, and relieves jaundice caused by alcohol."

2、《本草图经》：“利胸膈。”
2. "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Benefits the chest and diaphragm."

3、《纲目》：“消食，利湿热。”
3. "Outline": "Promotes digestion, and resolves damp-heat."

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：春季采收，鲜用。
Harvest in spring and use fresh.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：百合科植物萱草、北黄花菜、黄花菜、小黄花菜。
Liliaceae plants include daylilies (Hemerocallis fulva), Hemerocallis citrina, Hemerocallis minor, and others.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

① 萱草：萱草在我国有悠久的栽培历史，早在二千多年前的《诗经·魏风》中就有记载。后来的许多植物学著作中，如《救荒本草》、《花镜》、《本草纲目》等多有记述。别名有鹿葱、川草花、忘郁、丹棘等。《花镜》中还首次记载了重瓣萱草，并指出它的花有毒，不可食用。由于长期的栽培，萱草的类型极多，如叶的宽窄、质地，花的色泽，花被管的长短，花被裂片的宽窄等变异很大，不易划分，加上各地常有栽培后逸为野生的，分布区也难于判断。李时珍早就注意到，在不同土质上栽培的萱草，花的质地、色泽的深浅和花期的长短是有变化的。这是正确的。如果只根据少数栽培植株的某些差异来进行分类，则不甚可靠。林奈在发表本种时，曾说是杂种，后来又说来自中国。他所根据的植物可能是欧洲广泛栽培的一个品种（在欧洲虽然有野生萱草，但是从未见关于果实的记载），但究竟是否自我国引去，已无从查考。我们认为，在长期而又广泛栽培的情况下，要考虑到种以下多半系品种这个可能性，因而不宜轻率地定为种或变种。本种的主要特征是：花桔黄色；花被管较粗短，长2-3厘米；内花被裂片宽2-3厘米。根近肉质，中下部有纺锤状膨大；叶一般较宽；花早上开晚上凋谢，无香味，桔红色至桔黄色，内花被裂片下部一般有∧形色斑。这些特征可以区别于本国产的其他种类。花果期为5-7月。
Xuancao has a long history of cultivation in China, with records dating back over two thousand years to the "Book of Songs - Wei Feng." Later botanical works such as "Jiu Huang Ben Cao," "Hua Jing," and "Ben Cao Gang Mu" also describe it. Other names include Lu Cong, Chuan Cao Hua, Wang Yu, and Dan Ji. "Hua Jing" was the first to record double-petaled Xuancao and noted that its flowers are poisonous and should not be eaten. Long-term cultivation has led to great variation in leaf width and texture, flower color, length of floral tube, and lobe width, making classification difficult. Cultivated plants often escape into the wild, complicating distribution assessment. Li Shizhen observed that flower texture, color intensity, and flowering duration vary with soil type—a valid point. Classification based on limited cultivated specimens is unreliable. Linnaeus initially described it as a hybrid, later claiming Chinese origin. His specimen may have been a European-cultivated variety (though wild Xuancao exists in Europe, no fruit records exist). Whether it originated from China remains unverifiable. Given extensive long-term cultivation, most variants are likely cultivars rather than distinct species or varieties, so taxonomic conclusions should be cautious. Key features: orange-yellow flowers; thick, short floral tube (2–3 cm); inner tepals 2–3 cm wide. Roots are fleshy with spindle-shaped swellings mid-lower; leaves generally broad; flowers open in morning and wither by evening, unscented, orange-red to orange-yellow, with V-shaped markings on lower inner tepals. These distinguish it from other native species. Flowering and fruiting occur from May to July.

② 北黄花菜：根大小变化较大，但一般稍肉质，多少绳索状，粗2-4毫米。叶长20-70厘米，宽3-12毫米。花葶长于或稍短于叶；花序分枝，常为假二歧状的总状花序或圆锥花序，具4至多朵花；苞片披针形，在花序基部的长可达3-6厘米，上部的长0.5-3厘米，宽3-5(-7)毫米；花梗明显，长短不一，一般长1-2厘米；花被淡黄色，花被管一般长1.5-2.5厘米，决不超过3厘米；花被裂片长5-7厘米，内三片宽约1.5厘米。蒴果椭圆形，约2厘米，宽约1.5厘米或更宽。花果期6-9月。
Bei Huanghuacai roots vary in size but are generally slightly fleshy and cord-like, 2–4 mm thick. Leaves are 20–70 cm long, 3–12 mm wide. The scape is longer than or slightly shorter than the leaves. The inflorescence branches, usually forming pseudo-dichotomous racemes or panicles, bears 4 to many flowers. Bracts are lanceolate—up to 3–6 cm long at the base, 0.5–3 cm long and 3–5(–7) mm wide above. Pedicels are distinct, 1–2 cm long. Perianth is pale yellow, with a floral tube 1.5–2.5 cm long (never exceeding 3 cm). Tepal lobes are 5–7 cm long; inner three lobes about 1.5 cm wide. Capsule is elliptical, ~2 cm long and ~1.5 cm wide or broader. Flowering and fruiting period: June to September.

③ 黄花菜：植株一般较高大；根近肉质，中下部常有纺锤状膨大。叶7-20枚，长50-130厘米，宽6-25毫米。花葶长短不一，一般稍长于叶，基部三棱形，上部多少圆柱形，有分枝；苞片披针形，下面的长可达3-10厘米，自下向上渐短，宽3-6毫米；花梗较短，通常长不到1厘米；花多朵，最多可达100朵以上；花被淡黄色，有时在花蕾时顶端带黑紫色；花被管长3-5厘米，花被裂片长(6-)7-12厘米，内三片宽2-3厘米。蒴果钝三棱状椭圆形，长3-5厘米。种子约20多个，黑色，有棱，从开花到种子成熟约需40-60天。花果期5-9月。
Huanghuacai plants are generally tall. Roots are fleshy, often swollen spindle-shaped in middle-lower parts. There are 7–20 leaves, 50–130 cm long, 6–25 mm wide. Scape varies in length, usually slightly longer than leaves, triangular at base, somewhat cylindrical above, branched. Bracts are lanceolate, up to 3–10 cm long at base, gradually shortening upward, 3–6 mm wide. Pedicels are short, usually <1 cm. Flowers numerous, up to over 100 per plant. Perianth pale yellow, sometimes dark purple at bud tip. Floral tube 3–5 cm long; tepal lobes (6–)7–12 cm long, inner three lobes 2–3 cm wide. Capsule is bluntly trigonous-ellipsoid, 3–5 cm long. About 20+ seeds, black, angular. Seed maturation takes 40–60 days after flowering. Flowering and fruiting: May to September.

④ 小黄花菜：根一般较细，绳索状，粗1.5-3(-4)毫米，不膨大。叶长20-60厘米，宽3-14毫米。花葶稍短于叶或近等长，顶端具1-2花，少有具3花；花梗很短，苞片近披针形，长8-25毫米，宽3-5毫米；花被淡黄色；花被管通常长1-2.5厘米，极少能近3厘米；花被裂片长4.5-6厘米，内三片宽1.5-2.3厘米。蒴果椭圆形或矩圆形，长2-2.5厘米，宽1.2-2厘米。花果期5-9月。
Xiao Huanghuacai roots are generally thin, cord-like, 1.5–3(–4) mm thick, without swelling. Leaves 20–60 cm long, 3–14 mm wide. Scape slightly shorter than or nearly equal to leaves, bearing 1–2 flowers (rarely 3) at apex. Pedicel very short. Bracts nearly lanceolate, 8–25 mm long, 3–5 mm wide. Perianth pale yellow. Floral tube typically 1–2.5 cm long, rarely approaching 3 cm. Tepal lobes 4.5–6 cm long, inner three lobes 1.5–2.3 cm wide. Capsule elliptical or rectangular, 2–2.5 cm long, 1.2–2 cm wide. Flowering and fruiting: May to September.

分布区域 Distribution Area

萱草：全国各地常见栽培，秦岭以南各地地区有野生的。
Xuancao: Commonly cultivated throughout the country, with wild populations found in regions south of the Qinling Mountains.

北黄花菜：分布于黑龙江、辽宁、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、山东、江苏等地。
Beihuanghuacai: Distributed in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, and other areas.

黄花菜：分布于河北、陕西、甘肃、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、四川等地。
Huanghuacai: Found in Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, and other regions.

小黄花菜：分布于东北、河北、江苏、江西、山东、山西、陕西等地。
Xiaohuanghuacai: Distributed in Northeast China, Hebei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and other areas.

生长环境 Growing Environment

北黄花菜：生于海拔500-2300m的草甸、湿草地、荒坡或灌丛下。
Beihuanghuacai: Grows in meadows, wet grasslands, barren slopes, or under shrubs at altitudes of 500–2300 m.

黄花菜：生于海拔2000m以下的山坡、山谷、荒地或林缘。
Huanghuacai: Grows on slopes, valleys, wastelands, or forest edges at altitudes below 2000 m.

小黄花菜：生于沼泽地、湿地、林荫旁。
Xiaohuanghuacai: Grows in marshes, wetlands, and beside forest edges.