王瓜，中药名。为葫芦科栝楼属植物王瓜Trichosanthescucumeroides（Ser.）Maxim.的果实。植物王瓜，分布于我国华东、华中、华南和西南等地。具有清热，生津，化瘀，通乳之功效。主治消渴，黄疸，噎膈反胃，经闭，乳汁不通，痈肿，慢性咽喉炎。
Wang-gua, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. the fruit of Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim., a plant of the Cucurbitaceae family. The plant is distributed in the East, Central, South, and Southwest regions of China. It has the functions of clearing heat, generating fluids, resolving blood stasis, and promoting lactation. It is mainly used to treat diabetes, jaundice, choking sensation in the chest and epigastric region, amenorrhea, insufficient lactation, carbuncles, and chronic pharyngitis.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清热，生津，化瘀，通乳。
Clearing heat, generating fluids, resolving stasis, and promoting lactation.

主治 Indications

消渴，黄疸，噎膈反胃，经闭，乳汁不通，痈肿，慢性咽喉炎。
Thirst, jaundice, dysphagia with regurgitation, amenorrhea, insufficient lactation, abscesses, and chronic pharyngitis.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，9-15g；或和丸、散。外用：适量，捣敷。
Internal use: decoction, 9-15g; or in pills or powders. External use: appropriate amount, crushed and applied topically.

注意事项 Precautions

孕妇、虚证禁服。
Pregnant women and those with deficiency syndromes should avoid use.

相关论述 Relevant Discussions

1. 《别录》：“生鲁地平泽田野及人家垣墙间，三月采根，阴干。”

2. 《本草经集注》：“今王瓜生篱院间，亦有子，熟时赤，如弹丸大。今根多不预干，临用时乃掘取，不堪入大方，止单行小小尔。”

3. "Materia Medica from the Han Dynasty": "Grows in low-lying fields and among walls of houses in Shandong region. Roots are collected in March and dried in the shade."

4. "Annotations on the Classic of Materia Medica": "Nowadays, Wang Gua grows in courtyards and fences, bearing red fruits the size of pellets when ripe. Today, the roots are often not dried beforehand but dug up just before use. They are not suitable for major formulas, but only for minor individual prescriptions."

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1. 治消渴饮水，雹瓜去皮，每食后嚼二、三两，五、七度，瘥。（《圣惠方》）

2. 治反胃吐食，马雹儿，灯上烧存性一钱，入好枣肉、平胃散末二钱，酒服。（《丹溪纂要》）

3. 治大肠下血，王瓜一两（烧存性），地黄二两，黄连半两。为末，蜜丸梧子大。米饮下三十丸。（《指南方》）

4. 治痰热头风，用土瓜七个，瓜萎一个(炒)，牛蒡子四两(烘)。共为末，每食后茶调下二钱。(《本草汇言》)

5. 治瘀血作痛，用土瓜仁连皮囫囵烧存性，研末，无灰酒空心服二钱。(《本草汇言》)

6. 治小儿疮疖脓肿，王瓜果皮煅末，麻油调搽。(《湖南药物志》)

7. Treat polydipsia by peeling and chewing two to three liang of Bao Gua after each meal, five to seven times daily, until recovery. (From Sheng Hui Fang)

8. Treat nausea and vomiting by burning one qian of Ma Bao Er until charred but retaining its essence, mixing it with two qian of jujube flesh and Ping Wei San powder, and taking with wine. (From Dan Xi Zuan Yao)

9. Treat bloody stools by using one liang of Wang Gua (charred), two liang of Di Huang, and half a liang of Huang Lian; grind into powder, make into honey pills the size of Wu Zi, and take thirty pills with rice water. (From Zhi Nan Fang)

10. Treat phlegm-heat headache with seven Tu Gua, one fried Gua Lou, and four liang of roasted Niu Bang Zi. Grind together, and take two qian with tea after meals. (From Ben Cao Hui Yan)

11. Treat pain due to blood stasis by charring Tu Gua seeds with their skins intact, grinding into powder, and taking two qian on an empty stomach with pure wine. (From Ben Cao Hui Yan)

12. Treat boils and abscesses in children by calcining Wang Gua fruit peel into powder and applying with sesame oil. (From Hunan Yao Wu Zhi)

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工 Collection and Processing

秋季果熟后采收，鲜用或连柄摘下，防止破裂，用线将果柄串起，挂于日光下或通风处干燥。
The fruits are harvested after ripening in autumn, used fresh or picked with stems attached to prevent bursting. The stalks are strung with thread and hung in sunlight or a well-ventilated area to dry.

炮制方法 Processing Method

取原药材，除去霉烂皮及柄，喷水润软，切丝，干燥，筛去灰屑。
The raw herb is cleaned by removing moldy skin and stems, moistened with water, cut into strips, dried, and sifted to remove dust.

药材鉴别 Medicinal Material Identification

药材性状 Characteristics of Raw Material

1. 果实卵状椭圆形或椭圆形，长约6cm，栽培品可达9cm，宽3-6cm。先端窄，留有长3-7mm的柱基，基部钝圆。青时有10-12条苍白色条纹，熟后橙红色。果皮薄，光滑，稍有光泽。果梗长5-20mm。种子略呈十字形，似螳螂头，长约12mm，宽14mm，中央室成一宽约5mm的环带，两侧有扁圆形的较小空室，黄棕色，表面有凹凸不平的细皱纹。具香甜气，味甘微酸。

2. 饮片性状：呈长短不等的丝片。表面橙红色或橙黄色，有光泽，具纵棱及凹凸不平的纵纹；内表面淡橙色。皮薄而脆。气微，味微苦。

3. The fruit is ovoid-elliptical or elliptical, about 6cm long (up to 9cm in cultivated varieties), 3-6cm wide. The apex is narrow with a persistent style base 3-7mm long; the base is bluntly rounded. Immature fruits have 10–12 pale stripes, turning orange-red when ripe. The pericarp is thin, smooth, and slightly glossy. Fruit stalks are 5–20mm long. Seeds are cross-shaped, resembling a mantis head, ~12mm × 14mm, with a central chamber forming a 5mm-wide band and two smaller lateral chambers. Yellowish-brown with fine wrinkled surface. Aromatic and sweet, taste slightly sweet and sour.

4. Processed slices are uneven strips. Surface is orange-red or orange-yellow, glossy, with longitudinal ridges and grooves; inner surface is light orange. Thin and brittle. Slight odor, slightly bitter taste.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属 Plant Species

葫芦科栝楼属植物王瓜。
Wang Gua is a plant of the genus Trichosanthes in the Cucurbitaceae family.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

多年生草质藤本。块根纺锤形，肥大。茎细弱，多发枝，具纵棱和槽，被短柔毛。卷须2歧，被短柔毛。叶互生；叶柄3-10cm，具纵条纹，密被短茸毛和疏短刚毛状软毛；叶片纸质，阔卵形或圆形，先端钝或渐尖，基部深心形，边缘具细齿或波状齿，长5-13（-19）cm，宽5-12（-18）cm，常3-5浅裂至深裂，或有时不分离，裂片卵形或倒卵形，上面深绿色，被短绒毛和疏散短刚毛，下面淡绿色，密被短茸毛，基出掌状脉5-7条，细脉网状。花雌雄异株；雄花总状花序，或1单花与其并生，总花梗长5-10cm，具纵条纹，被短茸毛；花梗短，约5mm，被短茸毛；小苞片线状披针形，长2-3mm，全缘，被短茸毛，稀无小苞片；花萼筒喇叭形，长6-7cm，基部径约2mm，先端径约7mm，被短茸毛，裂片线状披针形，长3-6mm，宽约1.5mm；花冠白色，裂片长圆状卵形，长14-15（-20）mm，宽约6-7mm，具极长的丝状流苏；雄蕊3，花丝短，分离；退化雌蕊刚毛状；雌花单生，花梗短，长0.5-1cm，子房长圆形，均密被短柔毛，花萼花冠与雄花同。果实卵圆形、卵状椭圆形或球形，长6-7cm，径4-5.5cm，成熟时橙红色，平滑，两端钝圆，具喙；果柄长约5-20mm，被短柔毛。种子横长圆形，长7-12mm，宽7-14mm，深褐色，两侧室大，近圆形，径约4.5mm，表面具瘤状突起。花期5-8月，果期8-11月。

Perennial herbaceous vine. Tuberous root spindle-shaped and enlarged. Stems slender, branched, with longitudinal ridges and furrows, covered with short soft hairs. Tendrils bifid, also hairy. Leaves alternate; petioles 3–10cm long, striped, densely covered with woolly hairs and sparse bristly soft hairs; blades papery, broadly ovate or circular, apex blunt or acuminate, deeply cordate at base, margins finely toothed or undulate, 5–13(–19)cm long, 5–12(–18)cm wide, commonly 3–5 shallow to deep lobes, sometimes entire; lobes ovate or obovate; upper surface dark green with pubescence and scattered stiff hairs; lower surface pale green, densely woolly; 5–7 basal palmate veins, reticulate venation. Dioecious flowers; male inflorescence racemose, or solitary flower with a common peduncle 5–10cm long, striped, woolly; flower pedicels ~5mm, also woolly; bracts linear-lanceolate, 2–3mm, entire, woolly, sometimes absent; calyx tube trumpet-shaped, 6–7cm long, ~2mm wide at base, ~7mm at apex, hairy; lobes linear-lanceolate, 3–6mm × ~1.5mm; corolla white, lobes oblong-ovate, 14–15(–20)mm × 6–7mm, with very long filamentous fringes; stamens 3, short filaments, free; rudimentary pistil bristle-like; female flowers solitary, pedicel 0.5–1cm long; ovary oblong, densely short-hairy; calyx and corolla similar to male flowers. Fruit ovoid, ovoid-elliptic, or spherical, 6–7cm × 4–5.5cm, orange-red when mature, smooth, both ends rounded, with a beak; fruit stalk ~5–20mm, hairy. Seeds transversely oblong, 7–12mm × 7–14mm, dark brown, large lateral chambers nearly circular (~4.5mm diameter), surface warty. Flowering May–August, fruiting August–November.

分布区域 Distribution Area

分布于我国华东、华中、华南和西南等地。
Distributed in eastern, central, southern, and southwestern China.

生长环境 Growing Environment

生于海拔（250-）600-1700m的山谷森林中或山坡疏林中或灌丛中。
Found in valley forests, sparse forests on mountain slopes, or thickets at altitudes of (250-)600–1700 meters.