乌桕叶，中药名。为大戟科乌桕属植物乌桕Sapiumsebiferum（L.）Roxb.的叶。植物乌桕，分布于我国黄河以南各省区，北达陕西、甘肃。具有泻下逐水，消肿散瘀，解毒杀虫之功效。主治水肿，大、小便不利，腹水，湿疹，疥癣，痈疮肿毒，跌打损伤，毒蛇咬伤。
Wu-jiu-ye, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. the leaf of the plant Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. of the Euphorbiaceae family. The plant is distributed in various provinces and regions south of the Yellow River in China, reaching as far north as Shaanxi and Gansu. It is known for its effects of promoting bowel movements and diuresis, reducing swelling and dispersing stasis, as well as detoxification and insecticidal properties. It is mainly used for edema, urinary difficulties, ascites, eczema, scabies, carbuncles, bruises, injuries, and snake bites.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

泻下逐水，消肿散瘀，解毒杀虫。
Promoting urination to drain dampness, reducing swelling and dispersing stasis, detoxifying and killing parasites.

主治 Indications

水肿，大、小便不利，腹水，湿疹，疥癣，痈疮肿毒，跌打损伤，毒蛇咬伤。
Edema, difficult urination and defecation, ascites, eczema, scabies, carbuncle, contusion, and snake bite.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，6-12g。外用：适量，鲜品捣敷；或煎水洗。
Internal use: Decoction, 6-12g. External use: appropriate amount, fresh product mashed for application; or decocted for washing.

注意事项 Precautions

体虚、孕妇及溃疡患者禁服。
Weak constitution, pregnant women, and patients with ulcers are prohibited from taking this medication.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

1、降压作用。

1. Hypotensive effect.

2、抑制2型疱疹病毒。
2. Inhibition of type 2 herpes simplex virus.

相关论述 Relevant Discussions

1、《纲目》：“主治食牛马六畜肉，生疔肿欲死者，捣自然汁一二碗，顿服，得大利，去毒即愈，未利再服。”

1. "Synopsis": "Mainly used to treat those on the verge of death from eating beef, horse meat, or other livestock meat, and suffering from carbuncles and swelling. Grind the natural juice, take one or two bowls at once, have a bowel movement, expel the toxins, and recover immediately. If no bowel movement, take it again."

2、《分类草药性》：“治气痈，瘀血。”
2. "Categorization of Herbal Properties": "Used to treat gas gangrene and stagnant blood."

临床应用 Clinical Application

1、治疗真菌性阴道炎。

1. Treatment of fungal vaginitis.

2、治疗毒蛇咬伤。
2. Treatment of snake bites.

相关配伍 Relevant Compatibility

1、治水肿，鲜乌桕叶100g，鱼腥草一把，车前草一把，土黄芪50g，生地黄9g。水煎服。（《河南中草药手册》）

1. To treat edema, use 100g of fresh Chinese sumac leaves, a handful of fish mint, a handful of plantain herb, 50g of Astragalus membranaceus, and 9g of Rehmannia glutinosa. Decoct in water and take orally. (From "Henan Manual of Chinese Medicinal Herbs")

2、治血吸虫病腹水，乌桕叶、根6-30g。水煎服，早、晚各1次。（《浙江药用植物志》）
2. To treat ascites caused by schistosomiasis, use 6-30g of Chinese sumac leaves and roots. Decoct in water and take orally once in the morning and once in the evening. (From "Zhejiang Herbal Medicine")

3、治真菌性阴道炎、风疹、湿疹，乌桕鲜叶适量。水煎熏洗。（《广西本草选编》）
3. To treat fungal vaginitis, rubella, and eczema, use an appropriate amount of fresh Chinese sumac leaves. Decoct in water for fumigation and washing. (From "Guangxi Compilation of Materia Medica")

4、治穿石痈（后臼齿连接有二三齿处红肿溃烂）鲜乌桕嫩叶连心合糯米饭粒（加葱头或米醋更佳）捣烂敷患处。（《泉州本草》）
4. To treat carbuncles (redness and ulceration at the connection of the posterior molars), mash fresh Chinese sumac tender leaves with sticky rice grains (adding scallions or rice vinegar is even better) and apply the paste to the affected area. (From "Quanzhou Materia Medica")

5、治头部湿疹，乌桕叶、陀僧末各适量。生油调匀，煮沸候冷。搽患处。（《岭南草药志》）
5. To treat eczema on the head, use an appropriate amount of Chinese sumac leaves and Tuoseng powder. Mix with raw oil, boil, let it cool, and apply to the affected area. (From "Lingnan Herbal Medicine")

6、治脚癣，乌桕鲜叶捣烂，加食盐少许调匀，敷患处。（《广西本草选编》）
6. To treat athlete's foot, mash fresh Chinese sumac leaves, add a small amount of table salt, mix well, and apply to the affected area. (From "Guangxi Compilation of Materia Medica")

7、治疮疖肿毒，毒蛇咬伤，乌桕叶、射干各等量。捣烂敷伤口。（《陕甘宁青中草药选》）
7. To treat abscesses, boils, and snake bites, use an equal amount of Chinese sumac leaves and Aconitum carmichaelii. Mash and apply the paste to the wound. (From "Selection of Chinese Medicinal Herbs in Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai")

附注 Notes

其去掉栓皮的根或茎皮（乌桕皮）、种子（乌桕子）亦供药用。乌桕皮味苦，性微温，有毒。归大肠、胃经。有利水，消积，杀虫，解毒之功效。治疗水肿，臌胀，症瘕积聚，二便不通，湿疮，疥癣，疗毒。内服煎汤，10-15g（鲜者30-60g）；外用适量，煎水洗或研末调敷。乌桕子味甘，性凉，有毒。有杀虫，利水，通便之功效。治疥疮，湿疹，皮肤皲裂，水肿，便秘。内服煎汤，用量3-6g。外用，榨油涂、捣烂敷或煎水洗。
Its roots or stems without bark (Sapium sebiferum peel), and seeds (Sapium sebiferum seeds) can also be used medicinally. The peel tastes bitter, slightly warm in nature, and is toxic. It enters the large intestine and stomach meridians, and has functions of promoting diuresis, eliminating accumulation, killing parasites, and detoxifying. Used to treat edema, abdominal distension, mass accumulation, constipation, damp sores, scabies, and poisoning. Internally, decoct 10–15g (fresh: 30–60g); externally, use appropriate amount, decoct for washing or grind into powder for application. The seed tastes sweet, is cool in nature, and toxic. It has effects of killing parasites, promoting diuresis, and relieving constipation. Used to treat scabies, eczema, skin fissures, edema, and constipation. Internally, decoct 3–6g. Externally, extract oil for topical use, mash and apply, or decoct for washing.

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：全年均可采，鲜用或晒干。
It can be harvested all year round, and used fresh or dried.

药材鉴别 Identification of Medicinal Materials

药材性状：叶多破碎或皱缩。完整叶片为卵状菱形，长宽3-8cm。先端长渐尖，基部阔楔形，全缘。表面茶绿色或茶褐色。叶柄长，顶端有干缩的小腺体2枚。叶片纸质，易碎。气微，味微苦。
The characteristics of medicinal materials: Leaves are often broken or wrinkled. Intact leaves are ovate-rhombic, 3–8 cm long and wide. Apex is long-acuminate, base is broadly cuneate, margin entire. Surface is tea-green or brownish-tea colored. Petiole is long, with two shriveled small glands at the apex. Leaf blade is papery and brittle. Slight odor, slightly bitter taste.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：大戟科乌桕属植物乌桕。
Botanical species: Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb., belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

植物乌桕，别名乌柏木（《新修本草》），鸦臼（《纲目》），木子树（《植物名实图考》），棕白树、卷子树、红心郎（《云南药用植物名录》），木蜡树、木油树（《中国高等植物图鉴》），琼树、蜡子树、虹、血血木、桕子树、蜡树（《中药大辞典》），桕树、木梓树、虹树、蜡烛树（《全国中草药汇编》），红乌桕、王京子（《中国有毒植物》）。为乔木，高可达15米许，各部均无毛而具乳状汁液；树皮暗灰色，有纵裂纹；枝广展，具皮孔。叶互生，纸质，叶片菱形、菱状卵形或稀有菱状倒卵形，长3-8厘米，宽3-9厘米，顶端骤然紧缩具长短不等的尖头，基部阔楔形或钝，全缘；中脉两面微凸起，侧脉6-10对，纤细，斜上升，离缘2-5毫米弯拱网结，网状脉明显；叶柄纤细，长2.5-6厘米，顶端具2腺体；托叶顶端钝，长约1毫米。花单性，雌雄同株，聚集成顶生、长6-12厘米的总状花序，雌花通常生于花序轴最下部或罕有在雌花下部亦有少数雄花着生，雄花生于花序轴上部或有时整个花序全为雄花。雄花：花梗纤细，长1-3毫米，向上渐粗；苞片阔卵形，长和宽近相等约2毫米，顶端略尖，基部两侧各具一近肾形的腺体，每一苞片内具10-15朵花；小苞片3，不等大，边缘撕裂状；花萼杯状，3浅裂，裂片钝，具不规则的细齿；雄蕊2枚，罕有3枚，伸出于花萼之外，花丝分离，与球状花药近等长。雌花：花梗粗壮，长3-3.5毫米；苞片深3裂，裂片渐尖，基部两侧的腺体与雄花的相同，每一苞片内仅1朵雌花，间有1雌花和数雄花同聚生于苞腋内；花萼3深裂，裂片卵形至卵头披针形，顶端短尖至渐尖；子房卵球形，平滑，3室，花柱3，基部合生，柱头外卷。蒴果梨状球形，成熟时黑色，直径1-1.5厘米。具3种子，分果爿脱落后而中轴宿存；种子扁球形，黑色，长约8毫米，宽6-7毫米，外被白色、蜡质的假种皮。花期4-8月。
The plant Sapium sebiferum, also known as Chinese tallow tree, has various aliases such as Wu Bo Mu ("Newly Revised Materia Medica"), Ya Jiu ("Compendium of Materia Medica"), Mu Zi Shu ("Illustrated Study of Plant Names and Realities"), Zong Bai Shu, Juan Zi Shu, Hong Xin Lang ("Yunnan Medicinal Plant Catalog"), Mu La Shu, Mu You Shu ("Chinese Illustrated Higher Plants"), Qiong Shu, La Zi Shu, Hong Xue Mu, Jiu Zi Shu, La Shu ("Dictionary of Chinese Medicine"), Jiu Shu, Mu Zi Shu, Hong Shu, La Zhu Shu ("National Compilation of Chinese Medicinal Herbs"), Hong Wu Jiu, Wang Jing Zi ("Chinese Poisonous Plants"). It is a deciduous tree up to 15 meters tall, glabrous throughout with milky latex. Bark is dark gray with vertical cracks; branches are spreading with lenticels. Leaves alternate, papery, rhombic, rhombic-ovate, or rarely rhombic-obovate, 3–8 cm long, 3–9 cm wide, abruptly narrowed at apex into unequal pointed tips, base broadly wedge-shaped or obtuse, margins entire. Midvein slightly raised on both sides, lateral veins 6–10 pairs, slender, obliquely ascending, forming arched networks 2–5 mm from margin, reticulate veins prominent. Petiole slender, 2.5–6 cm long, bearing two glands at apex; stipules blunt, about 1 mm long. Flowers unisexual, monoecious, arranged in terminal racemes 6–12 cm long. Female flowers usually at base of inflorescence, occasionally with a few male flowers below; male flowers above, sometimes entire raceme male. Male flowers: pedicel slender, 1–3 mm, thickening upwards; bracts broadly ovate, ~2 mm, apex acute, each with a kidney-shaped gland on either side, each bract subtending 10–15 flowers; 3 unequal small bracts, lacerate margins; calyx cup-shaped, 3 shallow lobes, irregularly toothed; stamens 2 (rarely 3), exserted, filaments free, nearly equaling spherical anthers. Female flowers: pedicel stout, 3–3.5 mm; bracts deeply 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, glands similar to male; one female flower per bract, sometimes with several males in axil; calyx 3 deeply lobed, lobes ovate to lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate; ovary ovoid, smooth, 3-celled; styles 3, fused at base, stigmas recurved. Capsule pear-shaped, globose when mature, black, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. Contains 3 seeds; carpels dehisce, axis persistent. Seeds flattened-globose, black, ~8 mm long, 6–7 mm wide, covered with white waxy aril. Flowering period: April to August.

分布区域 Distribution Area

分布于我国黄河以南各省区，北达陕西、甘肃。
Distributed in provinces and regions south of the Yellow River in China, reaching as far north as Shaanxi and Gansu.

生长环境 Growing Environment

生于旷野、塘边或疏林中。
Found in open fields, beside ponds, or in sparse forests.