飞廉，中药名。为菊科飞廉属植物飞廉CarduuscrispusL.和藏飞廉C.acanthoidesL.以全草或根入药。夏、秋季花盛开时采割全草；春、秋挖根，去杂质，鲜用或晒干用。
Fei-lian, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. CarduuscrispusL.) is a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, including CarduuscrispusL. and C.acanthoidesL. Fei-lian is used in traditional Chinese medicine, and the whole plant or roots are used as medicine. The whole plant is harvested when the flowers bloom in summer and autumn, while the roots are dug up in spring and autumn, cleaned of impurities, and used fresh or dried.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

散瘀止血，清热利尿。
Promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, clearing heat and promoting diuresis.

主治 Indications

用于吐血，鼻衄，尿血，功能性子宫出血，白带，乳糜尿，泌尿系统感染等；外用治痈疖、疔疮。
Used for hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, functional uterine bleeding, leukorrhea, chyluria, urinary system infections, etc.; externally used to treat carbuncles and furuncles.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：10-30g。外用：适量，鲜品捣烂敷患处。
Internal use: 10-30g. External use: appropriate amount, crush fresh product and apply to the affected area.

禁忌 Contraindications

血虚及脾胃功能弱者慎服。
Those with blood deficiency and weak spleen and stomach functions should be cautious when taking this medication.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1. 《本草纲目》：“治头风旋晕。”

2. "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Used to treat dizziness and vertigo."

3. 《别录》：“治头眩顶重，皮间风邪如蜂螫针刺，鱼子细起，热疮、痈、疽、痔，湿痹，止风邪咳嗽，下乳汁。”

4. "Additional Records": "Used to treat dizziness, heavy sensation in the head, wind-evil between the skin causing sharp pain like a bee sting, small boils rising, hot sores, abscesses, hemorrhoids, damp arthralgia, to stop wind-evil cough, and to promote lactation."

5. 《本经》：“主骨节热，胫重酸疼。”

6. "Classic of Herbal Medicine": "Used to treat hot joints, heavy and sore shins."

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：夏、秋季花盛开时采收。
Harvest the flowers during the summer and autumn when they are in full bloom.

炮制方法：鲜用或晒干。
Processing method: Fresh or sun-dried.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：菊科飞廉属植物飞廉和藏飞廉。
The plant species are Cirsium japonicum and Cirsium ferox, belonging to the Asteraceae family.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

二年生草本，高50-3000px。主根肥厚，伸直或偏斜。茎直立，具纵棱，棱有绿色间歇的三角形刺齿状翼。叶互生；通常无柄而抱茎；下部叶椭圆状披针形，长5-500px，羽状深裂，裂片常大小相对而生，边缘具刺，上面绿色，具细毛或近乎光滑，下面初具蛛丝状毛，后渐变光滑；上部叶渐小。头状花序2-3个簇生枝端，直径1.5-62.5px，总苞钟状，长约50px，宽1.5-75px；总苞片多层，外层较内层逐变短，中层条状披针形，先端长尖成刺状，向外反曲，内层条形，膜质，稍带紫色；花全为管状花，两性，紫红色，长15-16mm。瘦果长椭圆形，长约3mm，先端平截，基部收缩；冠毛白色或灰白色，长约15mm，呈刺毛状，稍粗糙。花期5-7月。
Biennial herb, 50-120 cm tall. The main root is thick, straight or slightly oblique. The stem is erect, with longitudinal ridges bearing green, intermittently triangular, spiny wing-like projections. Leaves are alternate, usually petioleless and clasping the stem. Lower leaves are elliptic-lanceolate, 5-20 cm long, deeply pinnately lobed, with opposite lobes of unequal size, margins spiny; upper surface green, finely hairy or nearly smooth; lower surface initially with cobwebby hairs, becoming smooth over time. Upper leaves gradually smaller. Heads 2-3 clustered at branch tips, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter, involucre bell-shaped, about 2 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide. Involucral bracts in multiple layers: outer ones progressively shorter than inner ones; middle bracts linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate into spiny tips, reflexed outward; inner bracts linear, membranous, slightly purplish. All flowers tubular, bisexual, purple-red, 15-16 mm long. Achenes long-elliptic, about 3 mm long, apex truncate, base contracted. Pappus white or grayish-white, about 15 mm long, bristle-like, slightly rough. Flowering period from May to July.

分布区域 Distribution Area

分布于新疆、欧洲、北非、苏联中亚及西伯利亚等地。
Distributed in Xinjiang, Europe, North Africa, Central Asia of the Soviet Union, and Siberia.

生长环境 Growing Environment

生于林下阴湿处或山谷石上。
Born in the damp and shady areas under the forest or on the rocks in the mountain valleys.