杜鹃花，中药名。为杜鹃花科植物杜鹃花RhododendronsimsiiPlanch.的花。具有和血，调经，止咳，祛风湿，解疮毒的功效。主治吐血，衄血，崩漏，月经不调，咳嗽，风湿痹痛，痈疖疮毒。
Dujuan flow, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. . It is the flower of the plant Rhododendron simsii Planch. of the family Ericaceae. It has the functions of promoting blood circulation, regulating menstruation, stopping cough, dispelling wind and dampness, and detoxifying. It is mainly used to treat hemoptysis, bleeding, menorrhagia, irregular menstruation, cough, rheumatic pain, and abscesses.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

和血，调经，止咳，祛风湿，解疮毒。
Nourishing blood, regulating menstruation, stopping cough, dispelling wind and dampness, and resolving toxins.

主治 Indications

吐血，衄血，崩漏，月经不调，咳嗽，风湿痹痛，痈疖疮毒。
Hematemesis, epistaxis, menorrhagia, irregular menstruation, cough, rheumatic pain, and carbuncle.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，9-15g。外用：适量，捣敷。
Internal use: Decoction, 9-15g. External use: Appropriate amount, pounded for application.

化学成分 Chemical Components

花含花色甙类和黄酮甙类。已鉴定的花色甙类化合物有矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖甙，矢车菊素-3-半乳糖甙，矢车菊素-3-阿拉伯糖甙，矢车菊素-3，5-二葡萄糖甙，矢车菊素-3-半乳糖甙-5-葡萄糖甙；芍药花素-3，5-二葡萄糖甙，和锦葵花素-3，5-二葡萄糖甙。黄酮及黄酮甙类化合物有芸香甙，杜鹃黄甙，槲皮素，杜鹃黄素；山柰酚，5-甲醚-3-半乳糖甙，杜鹃黄素-3-半乳糖甙，杜鹃黄素-3-鼠李糖甙，杨梅树皮素-5-甲醚-3-鼠李糖甙，杨梅树皮素-5-甲醚-3-半乳糖甙，棉花皮素-3-半乳糖甙，槲皮素-3-半乳糖甙，槲皮素-3-鼠李糖甙，槲皮素-3-阿拉伯糖甙。
Flowers contain anthocyanins and flavonoid glycosides. Identified anthocyanin compounds include cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, and cyanidin-3-galactoside-5-glucoside; peonidin-3,5-diglucoside, and malvidin-3,5-diglucoside. Flavonoids and flavonoid glycoside compounds include rutin, rhodomyrtin, quercetin, azaleatin; kaempferol, 5-methoxy-3-galactoside, azaleatin-3-galactoside, azaleatin-3-rhamnoside, myricetin-5-methoxy-3-rhamnoside, myricetin-5-methoxy-3-galactoside, gossypetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-arabinoside.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

1、止咳祛痰作用：小鼠腹腔注射映山红煎剂有止咳作用（氨水喷雾引咳法），其醋酸乙酯提取物、氯仿提取物及其母液，分离出的结晶甲和结晶乙（黄酮化合物）也有镇咳作用。小鼠灌服煎剂有祛痰作用（酚红法）。豚鼠腹腔注射煎剂无平喘作用（组胺喷雾法）。2、抗白内障作用：糖尿病性白内障的形成与患者体内醛糖还原酶活性增加有关。从一种栽培的红翼瓣杜鹃花（Rhododendron cultivar 'Redwingazafea'）中分离出一种新的黄酮醇甙，对此酶有很强的抑制作用，经鉴定此物质为2″-乙酰槲皮甙。

1. Antitussive and Expectorant Effects: Intraperitoneal injection of a decoction of Rhododendron simsii has antitussive effects in mice (ammonia aerosol-induced coughing method). The ethyl acetate extract, chloroform extract, and mother liquor, as well as the isolated crystals A and B (flavonoid compounds), also have antitussive effects. Oral administration of the decoction has expectorant effects in mice (phenol red method). Intraperitoneal injection of the decoction in guinea pigs does not have bronchodilator effects (histamine aerosol method). 2. Anti-Cataract Effects: The formation of diabetic cataracts is related to increased activity of aldose reductase in the patient's body. A new flavonol glycoside was isolated from a cultivated Rhododendron cultivar called 'Redwingazafea', which has a strong inhibitory effect on this enzyme. The substance was identified as 2"-acetylquercitrin.

相关论述 Relevant Discussions

1、《分类草药性》：“治吐血、崩症，去风寒，和血。”2、《四川中药志》1960年版：“治腹痛下痢，红崩，吐血，痔出血及内伤咳嗽。”3、《浙江民间常用草药》：“活血调经，消肿止痛。”4、《贵州草药》：“行血，止痛，利湿，止血。治流鼻血。”5、《安徽中草药》：“治痈疖疮毒。”6、《全国中草药汇编》：“清热解毒，化痰止咳，止痒。主治支气管炎，荨麻疹；外用治痈肿。”7、《贵州民间方药集》：“治月经不调，血崩，跌打损伤，鼻血，风湿疼痛。”

1. "Classified Herbal Properties": "Used for treating hematemesis, hemorrhage, dispelling wind-cold, and harmonizing blood." 2. "Sichuan Materia Medica Chronicle", 1960 edition: "Used for treating abdominal pain, dysentery, excessive uterine bleeding, hematemesis, hemorrhoidal bleeding, and internal injury cough." 3. "Zhejiang Folk Commonly Used Herbs": "Activates blood circulation, regulates menstruation, reduces swelling, and relieves pain." 4. "Guizhou Herbal Medicine": "Promotes blood circulation, relieves pain, eliminates dampness, stops bleeding. Used to treat epistaxis." 5. "Anhui Chinese Herbal Medicine": "Treats abscesses, boils, and toxic sores." 6. "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines": "Clears heat and detoxifies, transforms phlegm and stops coughing, relieves itching. Mainly used for bronchitis, urticaria; externally used for treating abscesses and swellings." 7. "Collection of Guizhou Folk Remedies": "Used for treating irregular menstruation, menorrhagia, traumatic injuries, nosebleeds, and rheumatic pain."

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1、治流鼻血：映山红花（生的）15-30g。煎水服。（《贵州草药》）2、治疔痈疖毒：杜鹃花5-7个，或嫩叶适量，嚼烂敷患处。禁忌鱼腥。3、治癞痢头：杜鹃花60g，油桐花30g。烤干研末，桐油调搽（先剃头）。（2-3方出自江西《草药手册》）4、治白带过多：映山红花15g，猪蹄1对。水炖，食肉喝汤。（《安徽中草药》）

1. Treatment for epistaxis: Fresh flowers of Rhododendron simsii, 15–30g. Decoct in water and take orally. (From "Guizhou Herbal Medicine") 2. Treatment for carbuncles and furuncles: Rhododendron flowers, 5–7 pieces, or appropriate amount of tender leaves, chew and apply the paste to the affected area. Avoid fishy foods. 3. Treatment for tinea capitis: Rhododendron flowers 60g, Vernicia fordii flowers 30g. Roast, grind into powder, mix with tung oil for external application (shave head first). (Prescriptions 2 and 3 from Jiangxi "Herbal Medicine Manual") 4. Treatment for excessive leukorrhea: Rhododendron flowers 15g, a pair of pig trotters. Stew in water, consume meat and soup. (From "Anhui Chinese Herbal Medicine")

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：4-5月花盛开时采收，烘干。
Harvest and dry the flowers when they are in full bloom in April and May.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：杜鹃花科杜鹃属杜鹃花。
Rhododendron simsii is a species in the genus Rhododendron, family Ericaceae.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

落叶或半常绿灌木，高2-5m。多分枝，幼枝密被红棕色或褐色扁平糙伏毛，老枝灰黄色，无毛，树皮纵裂。花芽卵形，背面中部被褐色糙伏毛，边缘有睫毛。叶二型；春叶纸质，较短，夏叶革质，较长，卵状椭圆形或长卵状披针形，长3-6cm，宽2-3cm，先端锐尖，具短尖头，基部楔形，全缘，表面疏被淡红棕色糙伏毛，背面密被棕褐色糙伏毛，脉上更多。花2-6朵，成伞形花序，簇生枝端；花梗长约5-8mm；花萼5深裂，裂片卵形至披针形，长3-7mm，外面密被糙伏毛和睫毛；花冠宽漏斗状，玫瑰色至淡红色、紫色，长3-5cm，5裂，裂片近倒卵形，上方1瓣及近侧2瓣里面有深红色斑点；雄蕊10，稀7-9，花丝中下部有微毛，花药紫色；子房卵圆形，5室，长5-8mm，密被扁平长糙毛，花柱细长。蒴果卵圆形，长1-1.2cm，密被棕色糙毛，花萼宿存。花期4-6月，果期7-9月。
Deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub, 2–5m tall. Numerous branches; young branches densely covered with reddish-brown or brown flat rough hairs; old branches grayish-yellow, glabrous, bark longitudinally cracked. Flower buds ovate, with brown rough hairs in the middle of the back and ciliate margins. Leaves dimorphic; spring leaves papery and shorter; summer leaves leathery and longer, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 3–6cm long, 2–3cm wide, acute at apex with short mucro, cuneate at base, entire margin, sparsely covered with light reddish-brown rough hairs on upper surface, densely hairy beneath with brown rough hairs, especially along veins. Flowers 2–6, in umbel-like inflorescences at branch tips; pedicels about 5–8mm long; calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes ovate to lanceolate, 3–7mm long, densely covered with rough hairs and cilia externally; corolla broadly funnel-shaped, rose to pale pink or purple, 3–5cm long, 5-lobed, lobes nearly obovate, with deep red spots on the upper petal and inner sides of adjacent two petals; stamens 10, rarely 7–9, filaments pubescent in lower part, anthers purple; ovary ovoid, 5-locular, 5–8mm long, densely covered with flat long rough hairs, style slender. Capsule ovoid, 1–1.2cm long, densely covered with brown rough hairs, persistent calyx. Flowering period: April–June; fruiting period: July–September.

分布区域 Distribution Area

分布于长江流域以南各地，东至台湾，西到四川、云南。
Distributed throughout regions south of the Yangtze River, east to Taiwan, west to Sichuan and Yunnan.

生长环境 Growing Environment

生于丘陵山地或平地，疏灌丛中。喜阳光，但忌烈日曝晒，适于酸性土壤，忌含石灰质的碱土。宜在凉爽湿润的环境栽培。
Grows in hilly or flat areas, among sparse shrubs. Prefers sunlight but avoids intense exposure. Suitable for acidic soil, avoids alkaline soils containing lime. Thrives in cool, moist environments.

繁殖方式 Reproduction Methods

大量生产可用播种繁殖。为保留良种也可分株繁殖。此外，扦插压条也易成活。
Mass production can be achieved through seed propagation. To preserve good varieties, division propagation can also be used. Additionally, cuttings and layering are also effective.

栽培技术 Cultivation Techniques

播种繁殖：温度保持在15-20℃，湿度60%的条件下，播后2-3星期即可发芽。
Seed propagation: Maintain temperature at 15–20°C and humidity at 60%. Seeds germinate within 2–3 weeks after sowing.