藜芦，中药名。为百合科藜芦属植物藜芦Veratrum nigrum L.、牯岭藜芦Veratrum schindleri Loes.f.、毛穗藜芦Veratrum maackii Regel、兴安藜芦Veratrum dahuricum（Turcz.）Loes.f.及毛叶藜芦Veratrum grandiflorum（Maxim.）Loes.f.的根及根茎。藜芦分布于东北、华北及陕西、甘肃、山东、河南、湖北、四川、贵州等地。牯岭藜芦分布于江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、湖北、湖南、广东和广西。毛穗藜芦分布于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古和山东等地。兴安藜芦分布于黑龙江、吉林和辽宁。毛叶藜芦分布于浙江、江西、台湾、湖北、湖南、四川和云南。具有涌吐风痰，杀虫疗癣之功效。常用于中风癫痫，喉痹不通，疥癣秃疮等。
Verat, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. m (Li-lu). It refers to the roots and rhizomes of Veratrum nigrum L., Veratrum schindleri Loes.f., Veratrum maackii Regel, Veratrum dahuricum (Turcz.) Loes.f., and Veratrum grandiflorum (Maxim.) Loes.f., which belong to the Liliaceae family. Veratrum is distributed in Northeast China, North China, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, and Guizhou. Veratrum schindleri is distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi. Veratrum maackii is distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and Shandong. Veratrum dahuricum is distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. Veratrum grandiflorum is distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, and Yunnan. It is known for its effects of inducing vomiting, dispelling wind and phlegm, killing parasites, and treating ringworm. It is commonly used for conditions such as stroke-induced epilepsy, obstructive throat disorders, and scabies.

功效作用 功能
Efficacy and Functions

涌吐风痰，杀虫疗癣。主治
Expelling wind-phlegm by inducing vomiting, and treating parasitic skin diseases.

1、主要用于中风癫痫，喉痹不通，疥癣秃疮等。2、西医诊为脑出血、脑梗死、精神分裂症、急性咽炎属于痰浊壅塞者，寻常疣属于湿毒蕴结者。用法用量

1. Mainly used for stroke epilepsy, throat obstruction, scabies, and alopecia. 2. In Western medicine, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, schizophrenia, and acute pharyngitis are considered as cases of phlegm stagnation and obstruction, while common warts are considered as cases of dampness and toxin accumulation. Dosage and administration.

内服：入丸、散，0.3-0.6g。外用：适量，研末，油或水调涂。不良反应
Internal use: take pills or powder, 0.3-0.6g. External use: apply an appropriate amount of powdered medicine mixed with oil or water. Adverse reactions may occur.

1、中毒时表现为初起舌及咽喉部有针刺样感觉，胃部灼热，疼痛流涎，恶心呕吐，头痛，眩晕，汗出，口周围麻木，口及手指刺痛，视力模糊，严重时出现便血，血压下降，心律不齐，虚脱，痉挛，瘫痪，谵语，呼吸困难，心率减慢，最后多因呼吸中枢麻痹而死亡。外用可引起皮肤黏膜灼痛、喷嚏、流泪等。2、中毒后用高锰酸钾溶液洗胃，并可给予活性炭口服，大量补液以促进毒物排泄并纠正脱水及电解质紊乱现象。心率明显减慢者，应肌注阿托品0.5-1毫克。心率慢于40次/分，用阿托品1-2毫克静脉点滴，若仍无效，可用异丙肾上腺素1毫克于100毫升液体中点滴，以防心律失常的发生。呼吸困难者，可注射呼吸中枢兴奋药并配合吸氧。3、中医疗法：久吐不止时，取肉桂3克水煎服，或取银花、甘草、黑豆、绿豆、赤小豆、蜂蜜水煎服。4、藜芦毒性极大，且治疗量与中毒量十分接近，故在使用时宜慎之，并勿与羊肉同服，以免中毒。注意事项

1. When poisoned, symptoms may include initial tingling sensation in the tongue and throat, burning sensation in the stomach, excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, sweating, numbness around the mouth, tingling in the mouth and fingers, blurred vision, severe cases may lead to bloody stools, low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, fainting, convulsions, paralysis, delirium, difficulty breathing, slow heart rate, and ultimately death due to respiratory center paralysis. External contact can cause skin and mucous membrane burning, sneezing, tearing, etc. 2. After poisoning, gastric lavage with potassium permanganate solution is recommended, followed by oral administration of activated charcoal, large amounts of fluid replacement to promote toxin excretion and correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. For significantly slowed heart rate, atropine should be administered intramuscularly at a dose of 0.5-1 milligram. If the heart rate is slower than 40 beats per minute, atropine should be administered intravenously at a dose of 1-2 milligrams. If ineffective, isoproterenol can be administered at a dose of 1 milligram in 100 milliliters of fluid intravenously to prevent arrhythmias. For those experiencing difficulty breathing, respiratory stimulants can be injected along with oxygen therapy. 3. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment: For persistent vomiting, take 3 grams of cinnamon decocted in water, or decoct honeysuckle, licorice, black beans, mung beans, adzuki beans, and honey for consumption. 4. Luffa acutangula is highly toxic, and the therapeutic dose is very close to the toxic dose, so caution should be exercised when using it, and it should not be taken with mutton to avoid poisoning. Note:

1、体虚气弱者及孕妇禁服。反细辛、芍药、人参、沙参、丹参、玄参、苦参。服之吐不止，可饮葱汤解。2、《河北中草药》：“有剧毒，内服致吐，多有中毒症状，用时宜慎。”化学成分

1. People with weak constitution and qi deficiency, as well as pregnant women, should not take it. Avoid using herbs such as Xixin, Shaoyao, Renshen, Shashen, Danshen, Xuanshen, and Kusen. If vomiting occurs after taking these herbs, drink scallion soup to relieve it.2. "Hebei Chinese Herbal Medicine": "It is highly toxic, internal consumption may cause vomiting, and there are often symptoms of poisoning. Caution is advised when using it." Chemical composition.

根及根茎含多种甾体生物碱：原藜芦碱、藜芦碱、伪藜芦碱、红藜芦碱介芬碱、计莫林碱。以根部含量较高，总生物碱含量1%-2%。有人从基芦中分离出15种生物碱，其中3种鉴定为藜芦嗪、藜芦碱和新计巴丁。另有从天目山藜芦中提得两种生物碱，定名为藜芦碱甲和藜芦碱乙。药理作用
The roots and rhizomes contain a variety of steroidal alkaloids: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, red ephedrine, and jatrorrhizine. The root part has a higher content, with a total alkaloid content of 1%-2%. Fifteen alkaloids have been isolated from the roots of ephedra, three of which have been identified as ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and new jatrorrhizine. Two alkaloids have also been obtained from ephedra in Tianmu Mountain, named ephedrine A and ephedrine B. Pharmacological effects.

1、对心血管系统的影响：藜芦浸膏的水溶液及精品的醇溶液有明显而持久的降压作用。5%的藜芦根浸膏的水溶液在血压下降的同时心跳减慢，心脏收缩振幅轻度增大，心搏有力。2、抗真菌的作用：藜芦水浸剂（14）对堇色毛癣菌、许兰氏黄癣菌、各种小芽孢癣菌和奴卡氏菌等多种皮肤真菌有不同程度的抑菌作用。3、催吐的作用：介芬碱与藜芦碱对黏膜有强烈刺激作用，吹人鼻内可引起喷嚏和咳嗽，口服致恶心呕吐。4、杀蛆灭蝇的作用：黑藜芦浸出液对家蝇有强大的杀灭作用；1%~5%藜芦根浸出液杀蛆甚效。5、对肠管的影响：白藜芦精致品醇溶液静注，有加强肠管收缩的作用。6、对血液动力学的影响：注射狭叶藜芦碱甲（V3）后平均动脉压、心率、左室收缩压、右室内压上升速率及心脏做功均明显降低，且作用随剂量的增加而加强；而心输出量、冠脉血流量及脑血流量均无明显变化。毒理作用

1. Effects on the cardiovascular system: The aqueous solution and alcoholic solution of Sophora flavescens extract have a significant and long-lasting antihypertensive effect. A 5% aqueous solution of Sophora flavescens root extract can lower blood pressure, slow down heart rate, slightly increase the amplitude of cardiac contraction, and strengthen the heartbeat.2. Antifungal effects: Sophora flavescens water extract has varying degrees of inhibitory effects on various skin fungi, such as Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, various Microsporum species, and Nocardia.3. Emesis-inducing effects: Matrine and sophocarpine have a strong stimulating effect on the mucous membranes, causing sneezing and coughing when inhaled through the nose, and inducing nausea and vomiting when taken orally.4. Larvicidal and fly-killing effects: Black Sophora flavescens extract has a strong killing effect on houseflies; 1%-5% Sophora flavescens root extract is highly effective in killing maggots.5. Effects on the intestinal tract: Intravenous injection of refined Sophora flavescens alcoholic solution can enhance intestinal contraction.6. Effects on hemodynamics: After injection of oxymatrine (V3), the average arterial pressure, heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, rate of increase in right ventricular pressure, and cardiac work all significantly decrease, with the effect strengthening with increasing dosage. However, cardiac output, coronary blood flow, and cerebral blood flow show no significant changes. Toxic effects may occur.

1、毒性：本品毒性猛烈，给小鼠皮下注射本品浸出液，LD50为1.78±0.38g/kg；介文碱（芥芬胺）给小鼠静脉注射，LD50为9.3mg/kg。本品全株有毒，以根的毒性最大。除可由消化道吸收外，尚能通过皮肤吸收入血，主要从肾脏排泄。藜芦有明显的蓄积作用。动物试验证明，其毒性表现为瞳孔散大、对光反射消失、后肢瘫痪、抽搐、恶心、呕吐、流涎、腹泻、便血、心律不齐、呼吸困难、昏迷，终以呼吸抑制而死亡。天目藜芦碱给小鼠皮下注射LD50为26mg/kg，静脉注射的LD50为3.2mg/kg。2、配伍：党参和藜芦同用没有相反作用，同用时对肝损伤病理模型小鼠死亡数和ALT含量无影响， 肝肾组织的变化均未发现能增加毒性反应。但藜芦与丹参合用后降压作用不及丹参。相关论述

1. Toxicity: This substance is highly toxic. When the extract of this substance is injected subcutaneously into mice, the LD50 is 1.78±0.38g/kg. When jingfenamine (sinomenine) is injected intravenously into mice, the LD50 is 9.3mg/kg. The entire plant of this substance is toxic, with the roots being the most toxic. Besides being absorbed through the digestive tract, it can also be absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream, primarily excreted through the kidneys. There is a significant accumulation effect of sinomenine. Animal experiments have shown that its toxicity manifests as dilated pupils, loss of light reflex, hind limb paralysis, convulsions, nausea, vomiting, drooling, diarrhea, bloody stools, arrhythmia, difficulty breathing, coma, and ultimately death due to respiratory depression. When sinomenine is injected subcutaneously into mice, the LD50 is 26mg/kg, and when injected intravenously, the LD50 is 3.2mg/kg.2. Compatibility: Codonopsis pilosula and sinomenine do not have antagonistic effects when used together. When used together, there is no effect on the number of deaths or ALT levels in a liver injury pathological model in mice, and no increase in toxic reactions in liver and kidney tissues was observed. However, the hypotensive effect of sinomenine is less pronounced when used in combination with Salvia miltiorrhiza. Relevant discussions.

1、《纲目》：哕逆用吐药，亦反胃用吐法去痰积之义。吐药不一，常山吐疟痰，瓜丁吐热痰，乌附尖吐湿痰，莱菔子吐气痰，藜芦则吐风痰也。2、《本草经疏》：藜芦，《本经》主蛊毒、咳逆及《别录》疗哕逆、喉痹不通者，皆取其宣壅导滞之力。苦为涌剂，故能使邪气痰热，胸膈部分之病，悉皆吐出也。辛能散结，故主鼻中息肉；苦能泄热杀虫，故主泄痢肠逍，头疡，疥瘙，杀诸虫毒也。疮疡皆湿热所生，湿热不去则肌溃烂，苦寒能泻湿热，则马刀，恶疮，烂疮，死肌皆愈也。味至苦，人口即吐，故不入汤。藜芦辛苦有大毒，服一匕则令人胸中烦闷，吐逆不止，凡胸中有痰饮，或中蛊毒恶气者，止可借其上涌宣吐之力，获效一时，设病非关是证者，切勿沾唇。徒令闷乱吐逆不止，亏损津液也。临床应用 临床应用

1. "Synopsis": Vomiting is a method used to eliminate phlegm accumulation by inducing the body to expel substances. Different types of vomit-inducing substances are used for different conditions: Changshan induces vomiting for malarial phlegm, Guading for hot phlegm, Wufujian for damp phlegm, Laifuzi for qi-phlegm, and Lilu for wind-phlegm.2. "Commentary on the Materia Medica": Lilu, as described in the "Materia Medica," is mainly used for dispelling toxins, treating coughs, and in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" for treating vomiting and obstructive throat conditions. It is known for its ability to disperse and unblock stagnation. Its bitterness can cause the expulsion of pathogenic phlegm-heat from the chest and diaphragm. Its acrid nature can disperse nodules, making it effective for nasal polyps. Its bitterness can clear heat, kill parasites, and treat conditions like diarrhea, intestinal abscesses, carbuncles, scabies, and various parasitic infections. Ulcers and sores are often caused by damp-heat; if not resolved, they can lead to tissue necrosis. Lilu's bitter-cold properties can resolve damp-heat, promoting the healing of conditions like carbuncles, malignant ulcers, and necrotic tissues. Due to its extreme bitterness, it can induce vomiting when taken orally, so it is not typically used in decoctions. Lilu is acrid, bitter, and highly toxic. Ingesting even a small amount can cause chest tightness, persistent vomiting, and is only suitable for conditions with phlegm-fluid in the chest or severe toxic pathogenic factors. It should only be used temporarily to induce vomiting and should not be used if the diagnosis is incorrect, as it can lead to worsening symptoms and depletion of body fluids. Clinical application Clinical application.

1、治诸风痰饮：藜芦十分，郁金一分。为末，每以一字，温浆水一盏，和服探吐。（《经验方》）2、治癣立有神效：藜芦根半两，轻粉二钱半。上为细末，凉水调，搽癣上。（《普济方》）3、治白秃：末藜芦，以腊月猪膏和涂之，先用盐汤洗，乃敷。（《肘后方》）相关配伍

1. Treatment for wind-phlegm accumulation: Take 10 parts of Chenopodium and 1 part of Curcuma. Grind them into powder, take one spoonful each time, mix with warm water, and administer for inducing vomiting. (From "Experience Prescriptions")2. Effective treatment for ringworm: Take half liang of Chenopodium root and two and a half qian of light powder. Grind them into fine powder, mix with cold water, and apply on the affected area of ringworm. (From "Universal Relief Prescriptions")3. Treatment for white baldness: Grind Chenopodium into powder, mix with lard from a pig slaughtered in the twelfth lunar month, apply it on the affected area after washing with salt water. (From "Elbow Rear Prescriptions")

1、藜芦配防风：藜芦长于宣壅导滞，善吐风痰；防风善于胜湿止痛，祛风止痉。两药配伍，可增强涌吐风痰，祛风止痉的作用。适用于中风闭证脉滑实，癫痫痰浊壅塞胸中等。2、藜芦配雄黄：藜芦长于宣壅导滞，善吐风痰；雄黄善于解毒，杀虫。两药配伍，可增强涌吐痰涎，解毒的作用。适用于咽喉肿痛，喉痹不通等。3、藜芦配黄连：藜芦长于杀虫疗癣；黄连善于清热燥湿。两药配伍，可增强杀虫疗癣止痒作用。适用于疥癣秃疮，瘙痒难忍等。4、藜芦配苦参：藜芦长于杀虫疗癣；苦参善于燥湿止痒。两药配伍，可增强杀虫疗癣止痒作用。适用于疥癣秃疮，瘙痒难忍等。鉴别用药

1. Coix Seed with Saposhnikovia Root: Coix seed is good at promoting the circulation of Qi and relieving stagnation, and it is effective in expelling wind-phlegm; Saposhnikovia root is good at dispelling dampness, alleviating pain, dispelling wind, and relieving convulsions. The combination of these two herbs can enhance the effects of expelling wind-phlegm and relieving convulsions. It is suitable for conditions such as stroke with a tight pulse, epilepsy with phlegm obstruction in the chest, etc. 2. Coix Seed with Realgar: Coix seed is good at promoting the circulation of Qi and relieving stagnation, and it is effective in expelling wind-phlegm; Realgar is good at detoxification and killing parasites. The combination of these two herbs can enhance the effects of expelling phlegm and detoxification. It is suitable for conditions such as sore throat, obstructed throat, etc. 3. Coix Seed with Coptis Rhizome: Coix seed is good at killing parasites and treating ringworm; Coptis rhizome is good at clearing heat and drying dampness. The combination of these two herbs can enhance the effects of killing parasites, treating ringworm, and relieving itching. It is suitable for conditions such as scabies, eczema, severe itching, etc. 4. Coix Seed with Sophora Root: Coix seed is good at killing parasites and treating ringworm; Sophora root is good at drying dampness and relieving itching. The combination of these two herbs can enhance the effects of killing parasites, treating ringworm, and relieving itching. It is suitable for conditions such as scabies, eczema, severe itching, etc. Differentiate the use of herbs.

1、藜芦与胆矾：两药均具有涌吐痰涎的功效，用于痰涎壅盛，喉痹肿痛。胆矾有强烈的涌吐痰涎的作用，又有解毒收湿，祛腐蚀疮的功效，故又可用于风眼赤烂，口疮牙疳，肿毒不溃，胬肉疼痛。而藜芦善吐风痰，多用于中风闭证脉滑实，癫痫痰浊壅塞胸中，误食毒物停于上脘者及咽喉肿痛，喉痹不通等；又能杀虫疗癣止痒，故又用于疥癣秃疮，瘙痒难忍。2、藜芦与麝香：两药均可用于闭证神昏，咽喉肿痛。藜芦宣壅导滞，善吐风痰，内服催吐作用较强，故多用于中风闭证脉滑实，癫痫痰浊壅塞胸中，误食毒物停于上脘者及咽喉肿痛，喉痹不通等；又能杀虫疗癣止痒，故又用于疥癣禿疮，瘙痒难忍。麝香为开窍药，有极强的开窍通闭醒神的作用；又有良好的活血散结，消肿止痛的作用，故用于疮疡肿毒，咽喉肿痛；麝香尚有活血通经，止痛，催产的作用，故又可用于血瘀经闭，癥瘕，心腹暴痛，跌打损伤，风寒湿痹，难产，死胎，胞衣不下等。加工炮制 采收加工

1. Chenopodium ambrosioides and bile gall: Both herbs have the effect of promoting the expectoration of phlegm and saliva, and are used for conditions with excessive phlegm and saliva, as well as for throat obstruction and swelling pain. Bile gall has a strong effect in promoting the expectoration of phlegm and saliva, as well as detoxification, dampness expulsion, and ulcer healing. Therefore, it can also be used for conditions such as red and sore eyes, mouth ulcers, swollen abscesses that do not burst, and painful granulation tissue. Chenopodium ambrosioides is good at expelling wind-phlegm and is often used for conditions of wind-stroke with slippery and firm pulses, epilepsy with phlegm obstruction in the chest, ingestion of toxic substances stuck in the epigastrium, as well as for sore throat, and throat obstruction. It also has insecticidal and antipruritic effects, so it is used for scabies, ringworm, and intolerable itching.2. Chenopodium ambrosioides and musk: Both herbs can be used for conditions of loss of consciousness and sore throat. Chenopodium ambrosioides can disperse stagnation, expel wind-phlegm, and has a strong emetic effect when taken internally. Therefore, it is often used for wind-stroke with slippery and firm pulses, epilepsy with phlegm obstruction in the chest, ingestion of toxic substances stuck in the epigastrium, as well as for sore throat and throat obstruction. It also has insecticidal and antipruritic effects, so it is used for scabies, alopecia, and intolerable itching. Musk is a herb that opens the orifices and has a very strong effect in opening the orifices, clearing obstructions, and awakening the mind. It also has good blood-activating and swelling-reducing effects, so it is used for abscesses, swollen abscesses, and sore throat. Musk also has blood-activating and pain-relieving effects, as well as inducing labor, so it can be used for conditions of blood stasis, amenorrhea, acute abdominal pain, bruises, cold-damp arthralgia, difficult labor, stillbirth, retained placenta, etc. Processing and preparation: harvesting and processing.

5-6月未抽花葶前采挖，除去叶，晒干或烘干。炮制方法
Harvest the roots before the flowers bloom from May to June, remove the leaves, and then dry them in the sun or by baking. This is the processing method.

将原药材拣去杂质，用水洗净泥屑，捞起沥干，切0.3-0.4cm段片，晒干。保存方法
Remove impurities from the original medicinal materials, wash away dirt with water, drain the water, cut into slices of 0.3-0.4cm, and sun-dry them. Storage method:

置通风干燥处。药材鉴别 药材性状
Place in a well-ventilated and dry area. Identification of medicinal materials. Characteristics of medicinal materials.

1、藜芦：根茎圆柱形或圆锥形，长2-4cm，直径0.5-1.5cm；表面棕黄色或土黄色，顶端残留叶基及黑色纤维，形如蓑衣，有的可见斜方形的网眼，下部着生10-30条细根。根细长略弯曲，长10-20cm，直径0.1-0.4cm；黄白色或黄褐色，具细密的横皱纹；体轻，质坚脆，断面类白色，中心有淡黄色细木心，与皮部分离。气微，味苦、辛，有刺喉感；粉末有强烈的催嚏性。2、牯岭藜芦：根茎呈圆柱形，长1-1.7cm，表面棕黄色，顶端残留叶柄残基及黑色纤维；下部着生10-20条细圆柱形根；长短不等，直径约0.2cm，微弯曲，表面暗褐色，并现皱缩条纹，质地坚脆，断面黄白色。味苦涩。3、毛穗藜芦：根茎呈圆柱形，黄棕色，顶端残留叶柄残基及黑色纤维，下部密生20-30条。根细柱状，直径约0.2cm，长短不等，微弯曲，棕黄色，质脆，断面灰白色，叶苦涩。4、兴安藜芦：形似藜芦。根茎长1-1.5cm，直径1-2cm。根长5-8cm，直径1-2mm。5、毛叶藜芦：形似藜芦。根茎长1-2cm，直径0.8-1.3cm。根长4-12cm，直径1-3mm。饮片性状

1. Lappa: The rhizome is cylindrical or conical, 2-4cm long, and 0.5-1.5cm in diameter; the surface is brownish-yellow or earthy-yellow, with remnants of leaf bases and black fibers at the top, resembling a raincoat. Some may have oblique square mesh patterns, with 10-30 fine roots growing at the lower part. The roots are slender and slightly curved, 10-20cm long, and 0.1-0.4cm in diameter; yellow-white or yellow-brown, with fine horizontal wrinkles; lightweight, firm and brittle, with a white-like cross-section, a light yellowish wood core in the center, separated from the bark. It has a mild odor, bitter and pungent taste, causing a throat irritation; the powder has a strong sneezing effect. 2. Gu Ling Lappa: The rhizome is cylindrical, 1-1.7cm long, brownish-yellow on the surface, with remnants of leaf stalk bases and black fibers at the top; 10-20 fine cylindrical roots grow at the lower part, varying in length, about 0.2cm in diameter, slightly curved, dark brown on the surface, with wrinkled stripes, firm and brittle texture, and a yellow-white cross-section. It tastes bitter and astringent.3. Hairy Spike Lappa: The rhizome is cylindrical, yellow-brown, with remnants of leaf stalk bases and black fibers at the top, densely covered with 20-30 roots at the lower part. The roots are cylindrical, about 0.2cm in diameter, varying in length, slightly curved, brownish-yellow, brittle texture, gray-white cross-section, and a bitter taste.4. Xing'an Lappa: Resembles Lappa. The rhizome is 1-1.5cm long and 1-2cm in diameter. The roots are 5-8cm long and 1-2mm in diameter.5. Hairy Leaf Lappa: Resembles Lappa. The rhizome is 1-2cm long and 0.8-1.3cm in diameter. The roots are 4-12cm long and 1-3mm in diameter. Characteristics of medicinal slices.

参见药材性状。常见伪品
Refer to the characteristics of medicinal materials. Common counterfeit products.

伪品：1、石蒜：为石蒜科植物石蒜Lycorisradiata（L'Herit）Herb.的鱗茎。鳞茎呈广椭圆形。长3-5cm，直径2-4cm。上端有长约3cm的叶基，基部生多数白色细长须根；表面由2-3层黑棕色干枯膜质鳞片包被，内部有10多层白色富黏性的肉质鳞片，生于短缩的鱗茎盘上，中心有黄白色的芽。气特异，味极苦。2、小黄花菜：为百合科植物小黄花菜HemerocallisminorMill的干燥根。根簇生于短缩的根茎上，干瘪皱缩，长5-15cm，直径2-4mm。表面灰黄色或灰棕色，有许多横皱纹，体轻，质软，断面灰褐色，皮部与木部常分离气微，味淡。植物学信息 植物种属
Counterfeit products: 1. Bulbus Lycoris: The bulb of the plant Lycoris radiata (L'Herit) Herb. in the Amaryllidaceae family. The bulb is broadly elliptical, 3-5cm long and 2-4cm in diameter. At the top, there is a leaf base about 3cm long, with many white slender root hairs at the base. The surface is covered with 2-3 layers of black-brown dried membranous scales, inside of which there are over 10 layers of white, sticky fleshy scales. It grows on a shortened bulb disk, with a yellow-white bud in the center. It has a unique smell and extremely bitter taste. 2. Hemerocallis minor: The dried roots of the plant Hemerocallis minor Mill in the Liliaceae family. The root cluster grows on a shortened rhizome, shriveled and wrinkled, 5-15cm long and 2-4mm in diameter. The surface is grayish-yellow or grayish-brown, with many transverse wrinkles. It is light, soft, and the cross-section is grayish-brown. The bark and wood often separate. It has a faint smell. Botanical information on plant species.

百合科藜芦属植物藜芦、牯岭藜芦、毛穗藜芦、兴安藜芦及毛叶藜芦。形态特征
The Liliaceae family includes the plants Salsola collina, Salsola ruthenica, Salsola kali, Salsola rigida, and Salsola tragus. Here are their morphological characteristics.

1、藜芦：植株高可达1米，通常粗壮，基部的鞘枯死后残留为有网眼的黑色纤维网。叶椭圆形、宽卵状椭圆形或卵状披针形，大小常有较大变化，通常长22-25cm，宽约10cm，薄革质，先端锐尖或渐尖，基部无柄或生于茎上部的具短柄，两面无毛。圆锥花序密生黑紫色花；侧生总状花序近直立伸展，长4-12（-22）cm，通常具雄花；顶生总状花序常较侧生花序长2倍以上，几乎全部着生两性花；总轴和枝轴密生白色绵状毛；小苞片披针形，边缘和背面有毛；生于侧生花序上的花梗长约5mm，约等长于小苞片，密生绵状毛；花被片开展或在两性花中略反折，矩圆形，长5-8mm，宽约3mm，先端钝或浑圆，基部略收狭，全缘；雄蕊长为花被片的一半；子房无毛。蒴果长1.5-2cm，宽1-1.3cm。花果期7-9月。2、牯岭藜芦：又名邢氏藜芦、天日藜芦、闽浙藜芦。植株高约1米，基部具棕褐色带网眼的纤维网。叶在茎下部的宽椭圆形，有时狭矩圆形，长约30cm，宽（2-）5-10（-13）cm，两面无毛，先端渐尖，基部收狭为柄，叶柄通常长5-10cm。圆锥花序长而扩展，具多数近等长的侧生总状花序；总轴和枝轴生灰白色绵状毛；花被片伸展或反折，淡黄绿色、绿白色或褐色，近椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形，长6-8mm，宽2-3mm，先端钝，基部无柄，全缘，外花被片背面至少在基部被毛；小苞片短于或近等长于花梗，背面生绵状毛，在侧生花序上的花梗长约6-8（-14）mm；雄蕊长为花被片的2/3；子房卵状矩圆形。蒴果直立，长1.5-2cm，宽约1cm。花果期6-10月。3、毛穗藜芦：植株高60-100（-160）cm；茎较纤细，基部稍粗，连叶鞘直径约1cm，被棕褐色、有网眼的纤维网。叶折扇状，长矩圆状披针形至狭长矩圆形，长约30cm，宽1-4（-8）cm，两面无毛，先端长渐尖或渐尖，基部收狭为柄，叶柄长达10cm。圆锥花序通常疏生较短的侧生花序，最下面的侧生花序偶尔再次分枝；总轴和枝轴密生绵状毛；花多数，疏生；花被片黑紫色，开展或反折，近倒卵状矩圆形，通常长5-7mm，宽2-3mm，先端钝，基部无柄，全缘；花梗长约为花被片的2倍，长可达1cm或更长，在侧生花序上的花梗比顶生花序上的花梗短；小苞片长3-4mm，背面和边缘生毛；雄蕊长约为花被片的一半；子房无毛。蒴果直立，长1-1.7cm，宽0.5-1cm。花果期7-9月。4、兴安藜芦：植株高70-150cm，基部具浅褐色或灰色的、无网眼的纤维束。叶椭圆形或卵状椭圆形，长13-23cm，宽5-11cm，先端渐尖，基部无柄，抱茎，背面密生银白色短柔毛。圆锥花序近纺锤形，长20-60cm，具多数近等长的侧生总状花序，生于最下面的侧枝常常再次短分枝，顶端总状花序近等长于侧生花序；总轴和枝轴密生白色短绵状毛；花密集，花被片淡黄绿色带苍白色边缘，近直立或稍开展，椭圆形或卵状椭圆形，长8-12mm，宽3-4mm，先端锐尖或稍钝，基部具柄，边缘啮蚀状，背面具短毛；花梗短，长约2mm；小苞片比花梗长，卵状披针形，背面和边缘有毛；雄蕊长约为花被片的一半；子房近圆锥形，密生短柔毛。花期6-8月。5、毛叶藜芦：又名蒜藜芦。植株高大，高达1.5米，基部具无网眼的纤维束。叶宽椭圆形至矩圆状披针形，下部的叶较大，长约15cm，最长可达26cm，通常宽6-9（-16）cm，先端钝圆至渐尖，无柄，基部抱茎，背面密生褐色或淡灰色短柔毛。圆锥花序塔状，长20-50cm，侧生总状花序直立或斜升，长5-10（-14）cm，顶生总状花序较侧生的长约一倍；花大，密集，绿白色；花被片宽矩圆形或椭圆形，长11-17mm，宽约6mm，先端钝，基部略具柄，边缘具啮蚀状牙齿，外花被片背面尤其中下部密生短柔毛；花梗短，长2-3（-5）mm，较小苞片短，密生短柔毛或几无毛；雄蕊长约为花被片的3/5；子房长圆锥状，密生短柔毛。蒴果长1.5-2.5cm，宽1-1.5cm。花果期7-8月。分布区域

1. Chenopodium album: The plant can grow up to 1 meter high, usually stout, with a black fibrous net remaining after the sheath at the base dies, forming a mesh. The leaves are elliptic, broadly ovate-elliptic, or lanceolate-ovate, with considerable variation in size, usually 22-25cm long and about 10cm wide, thin and leathery, acute or gradually pointed at the apex, without a petiole at the base or with a short petiole on the upper stem, and hairless on both sides. The cone-shaped inflorescence bears densely packed black-purple flowers; the lateral racemes are nearly erect and spreading, 4-12 (-22) cm long, usually with male flowers; the terminal raceme is often more than twice as long as the lateral racemes, almost entirely bearing bisexual flowers; the main axis and branch axis are densely covered with white woolly hairs; the bracts are lanceolate, with hairs on the edges and the back; the pedicels on the lateral racemes are about 5mm long, approximately equal in length to the bracts, densely covered with woolly hairs; the perianth segments are spreading or slightly reflexed in bisexual flowers, rectangular, 5-8mm long and about 3mm wide, blunt or rounded at the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, with entire margins; the stamens are half the length of the perianth segments; the ovary is hairless. The capsule is 1.5-2cm long and 1-1.3cm wide. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to September.2. Chenopodium glaucum: Also known as Xing's Chenopodium, Tianri Chenopodium, and Min-Zhe Chenopodium. The plant grows to about 1 meter high, with a fibrous net of brownish-black color at the base. The leaves are wide elliptic or sometimes narrowly rectangular, about 30cm long and (2-) 5-10 (-13) cm wide, hairless on both sides, gradually pointed at the apex, narrowed to a petiole at the base, with petioles usually 5-10cm long. The cone-shaped inflorescence is long and expanded, with many nearly equally long lateral racemes; the main axis and branch axis are covered with gray-white woolly hairs; the perianth segments are extended or reflexed, pale yellow-green, green-white, or brown, nearly elliptic or inverted ovate-elliptic, 6-8mm long and 2-3mm wide, blunt at the apex, without a petiole at the base, with entire margins, and at least the base of the outer perianth segments is hairy; the bracts are shorter or nearly equal in length to the pedicels, with woolly hairs on the back, and the pedicels on the lateral racemes are about 6-8 (-14) mm long; the stamens are two-thirds the length of the perianth segments; the ovary is ovate-rectangular. The capsule is erect, 1.5-2cm long and about 1cm wide. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to October.3. Chenopodium ambrosioides: The plant grows 60-100 (-160) cm tall; the stem is relatively slender, slightly thick at the base, with a diameter of about 1cm, covered with a brownish-black fibrous net. The leaves are fan-folded, narrowly rectangular-lanceolate to narrow rectangular, about 30cm long and 1-4 (-8) cm wide, hairless on both sides, gradually pointed or pointed at the apex, narrowed to a petiole at the base, with petioles up to 10cm long. The cone-shaped inflorescence usually bears short lateral racemes sparsely, occasionally branching again at the bottom; the main axis and branch axis are densely covered with woolly hairs; the flowers are numerous, sparsely arranged; the perianth segments are black-purple, expanded or reflexed, nearly inverted ovate-rectangular, usually 5-7mm long and 2-3mm wide, blunt at the apex, without a petiole at the base, with entire margins; the pedicels are about twice as long as the perianth segments, up to 1cm long or longer, shorter on the lateral racemes than on the terminal racemes; the bracts are 3-4mm long, hairy on the back and edges; the stamens are about half the length of the perianth segments; the ovary is hairless. The capsule is erect, 1-1.7cm long and 0.5-1cm wide. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to September.4. Chenopodium album var. humile: The plant grows 70-150cm tall, with a base covered with light brown or gray, non-meshed fibrous bundles. The leaves are elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 13-23cm long and 5-11cm wide, gradually pointed at the apex, without a petiole at the base, clasping the stem, and densely covered with silver-white short soft hairs on the back. The spindle-shaped cone-shaped inflorescence is 20-60cm long, with many nearly equally long lateral racemes, often branching again at the bottom of the lateral branches, and the terminal raceme is nearly as long as the lateral racemes; the main axis and branch axis are densely covered with white short woolly hairs; the flowers are dense, with perianth segments in light yellow-green with pale edges, nearly erect or slightly expanded, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 8-12mm long and 3-4mm wide, acute or slightly blunt at the apex, with a stalk at the base, serrated margins, and short hairs on the back; the pedicels are short, about 2mm long; the bracts are longer than the pedicels, ovate-lanceolate, with hairs on the back and edges; the stamens are about half the length of the perianth segments; the ovary is nearly conical, densely covered with short soft hairs. The flowering period is from June to August.5. Chenopodium album var. simplex: Also known as garlic Chenopodium. The plant is tall, reaching up to 1.5 meters, with fibrous bundles at the base without a mesh. The leaves are wide elliptic to rectangular-lanceolate, with the lower leaves larger, about 15cm long, up to 26cm long, usually 6-9 (-16) cm wide, bluntly rounded to gradually pointed at the apex, without a petiole, clasping the stem at the base, and densely covered with brown or light gray short soft hairs on the back. The cone-shaped inflorescence is spire-shaped, 20-50cm long, with the lateral racemes erect or ascending obliquely, 5-10 (-14) cm long, and the terminal raceme about twice as long as the lateral racemes; the flowers are large, dense, and green-white; the perianth segments are broadly rectangular or elliptic, 11-17mm long and about 6mm wide, blunt at the apex, slightly stalked at the base, with serrated teeth on the edges, and the lower part of the outer perianth segments is densely covered with short soft hairs; the pedicels are short, 2-3 (-5) mm long, shorter than the bracts, densely covered with short soft hairs or nearly hairless; the stamens are about 3/5 the length of the perianth segments; the ovary is elongated-conical, densely covered with short soft hairs. The capsule is 1.5-2.5cm long and 1-1.5cm wide. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to August. Distribution area.

1、藜芦：分布于东北、华北及山东、河南、湖北、四川、贵州、陕西、甘肃等地。2、牯岭藜芦：分布于江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、广东和广西。3、毛穗藜芦：分布于内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江和山东等地。4、兴安藜芦：分布于辽宁、吉林和黑龙江。5、毛叶藜芦：分布于浙江、江西、湖北、湖南、四川、云南和台湾。道地产区

1. Chenopodium album: distributed in Northeast China, North China, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu, and other regions.2. Chenopodium glaucum: distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi.3. Chenopodium murale: distributed in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Shandong.4. Chenopodium standleyanum: distributed in Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang.5. Chenopodium serotinum: distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Taiwan. Indigenous production areas.

主产于山西、河北、河南、山东、辽宁等地。均为野生。生长环境
Mainly produced in Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning and other places. All are wild. Growing environment.

1、藜芦：生于海拔1200-3000m的山坡林下或草丛中。2、牯岭藜芦：生于山坡林下荫湿处。3、毛穗藜芦：生于海拔400-1700m的山地林下或高山草甸。4、兴安藜芦：生于草甸和山坡湿草地。5、毛叶藜芦：生于海拔2600-4000m的山坡林下或湿生草丛中。

1. Chenopodium album: It grows in the mountain slopes or grasslands at an altitude of 1200-3000m.2. Chenopodium glaucum: It grows in shady and moist areas under the mountain slopes.3. Chenopodium ambrosioides: It grows in the mountain forests or alpine meadows at an altitude of 400-1700m.4. Chenopodium botrys: It grows in meadows and wet grasslands on mountain slopes.5. Chenopodium murale: It grows in the mountain slopes or wet grasslands at an altitude of 2600-4000m.