黄柏，中药名。为芸香科黄檗属植物黄皮树Phellodendron chinense Schneid.的干燥树皮。具有清热燥湿，泻火解毒，除骨蒸的功效。主治湿热带下，热淋涩痛，湿热泻痢，黄疸，湿热脚气，痿证，骨蒸劳热，盗汗，遗精，疮疡肿毒，湿疹瘙痒。
Huang-bai, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. s the dried bark of the plant Phellodendron chinense Schneid., which belongs to the Rutaceae family. It has the functions of clearing heat and drying dampness, purging fire and detoxification, and relieving bone-steaming. It is mainly used for treating damp-heat in the lower part of the body, hot and painful urination, damp-heat diarrhea, jaundice, athlete's foot due to damp-heat, flaccidity syndrome, bone-steaming and heat due to overwork, night sweats, nocturnal emission, ulceration and swelling, and eczema with itching.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清热燥湿，泻火解毒，除骨蒸。
Clearing heat and drying dampness, purging fire and detoxifying, and relieving bone steaming.

主治 Indications

1、湿热带下，热淋涩痛：本品苦寒沉降，长于清泻下焦湿热。
In damp-heat leukorrhea, painful and difficult urination: this herb is bitter and cold with a descending property, effective in clearing and purging damp-heat in the lower burner.

2、湿热泻痢，黄疸：本品清热燥湿之中，善除大肠湿热以治泻痢，可治湿热郁蒸之黄疸。
Damp-heat diarrhea and jaundice: this herb clears heat and dries dampness, effectively eliminating damp-heat in the large intestine to treat dysentery, and can also treat jaundice caused by damp-heat accumulation.

3、湿热脚气，痿证：取本品清泄下焦湿热之功，用治湿热下注所致脚气肿痛、瘘证。
Damp-heat athlete's foot and flaccidity syndrome: this herb clears and drains damp-heat in the lower jiao, used to treat swelling and pain of athlete's foot and atrophy due to damp-heat pouring downward.

4、骨蒸劳热，盗汗，遗精：本品主入肾经而善泻相火、退骨蒸，用治阴虚火旺，潮热盗汗、腰酸遗精。
Bone-steaming fever, night sweats, and spermatorrhea: this herb primarily enters the kidney meridian and is good at draining excessive fire and alleviating bone-steaming fever. It treats yin deficiency with hyperactive fire, tidal fever with night sweats, lumbago, and spermatorrhea.

5、疮疡肿毒，湿疹瘙痒：取本品既能清热燥湿，又能泻火解毒，用治疮疡肿毒。
Ulcers, swelling, toxins, eczema, and itching: this herb not only clears heat and dries dampness but also relieves fire and detoxifies, used to treat ulcers, swelling, and toxins.

6、西医诊为细菌性阴道炎、尿路结石、泌尿系感染、前列腺炎、前列腺增生属于下焦湿热，细菌性痢疾、阿米巴痢疾、急慢性肠炎属于大肠湿热，肝炎、黄疸属于肝胆湿热，肌营养不良、重症肌无力、甲状腺功能亢进、植物神经功能紊乱、遗精属于阴虚火旺者，化脓性感染、湿疹等属于湿热壅盛者。
According to Western medicine, bacterial vaginosis, urinary tract stones, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia belong to damp-heat in the lower jiao; bacterial dysentery, amoebic dysentery, acute and chronic enteritis belong to damp-heat in the large intestine; hepatitis and jaundice belong to damp-heat in the liver and gallbladder; myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, hyperthyroidism, vegetative neurosis, and spermatorrhea belong to yin deficiency with excessive fire; purulent infections, eczema, and others belong to excessive damp-heat.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎服，3-12g。外用：适量。
Internal use: decoction, 3-12g. External use: appropriate amount.

注意事项 Precautions

本品苦寒伤胃，脾胃虚寒者忌用。
This herb is bitter and cold, which may injure the stomach; contraindicated in those with spleen and stomach deficiency-cold.

化学成分 Chemical Components

黄柏树皮含有小檗碱、黄柏碱、木兰花碱、药根碱、掌叶防己碱等多种生物碱，并含黄柏内酯、黄柏酮、黄柏酮酸及7-脱氢豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇等；黄皮树树皮含小檗碱、木兰花碱、黄柏碱、掌叶防己碱等多种生物碱及内酯、甾醇等。
The bark of Phellodendron amurense contains various alkaloids such as berberine, phellodendrine, magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine, and tetrandrine, as well as phellodendrolide, obacunone, phellodendronic acid, 7-dehydrostigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol. The bark of Phellodendron chinense contains multiple alkaloids including berberine, magnoflorine, phellodendrine, tetrandrine, as well as lactones and sterols.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

本品具有与黄连相似的抗病原微生物作用，对痢疾杆菌、伤寒杆菌、结核杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌等多种致病细菌均有抑制作用；对某些皮肤真菌、钩端螺旋体、乙肝表面抗原也有抑制作用；所含药根碱具有与小檗碱相似的正性肌力和抗心律失常作用；黄柏提取物有降压、抗溃疡、镇静、肌松、降血糖及促进小鼠抗体生成等作用。
This herb has antimicrobial effects similar to coptis, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella, Salmonella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and hemolytic streptococcus. It also inhibits certain skin fungi, leptospira, and hepatitis B surface antigen. The contained jatrorrhizine has positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects similar to berberine. The extract of Phellodendron has hypotensive, anti-ulcer, sedative, muscle relaxant, hypoglycemic, and antibody-promoting effects in mice.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1、《神农本草经》：“主五脏肠胃中结热，黄疸，肠痒，止泄利，女子漏下赤白，阴伤蚀疮。”
"The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica": "Treats heat accumulation in the five viscera and intestines, jaundice, intestinal itching, stops diarrhea, treats abnormal vaginal discharge in women, and heals yin-deficiency ulcers."

2、《珍珠囊》：“黄柏之用有六：泻膀胱龙火，一也；利小便结，二也；除下焦湿肿，三也；痢疾先见血，四也；脐中痛，五也；补肾不足，壮骨髓，六也。”
"Pearl Capsule": "Huang Bai has six uses: first, clear bladder fire; second, relieve urinary retention; third, eliminate dampness and swelling in the lower jiao; fourth, treat dysentery with early blood; fifth, relieve umbilical pain; sixth, tonify kidney deficiency and strengthen marrow."

临床应用 Clinical Application

1、治湿热下注之带下黄浊臭秽，常配山药、芡实、车前子等，如易黄汤（《傅青主女科》）；若治湿热下注膀胱，小便短赤热痛，常配萆薢、茯苓、车前子等，如萆薢分清饮（《医学心悟》）。
For damp-heat descending causing yellow, turbid, foul-smelling leukorrhea, often combined with Chinese yam, fox nut, and plantain seed, e.g., Yi Huang Tang (from Fu Qing Zhu's Gynecology). For damp-heat in the bladder causing short, red, hot, painful urination, commonly paired with bai xie, poria, and plantain seed, e.g., Bi Xie Fen Qing Yin (Medical Enlightenment).

2、治泻痢，常配白头翁、黄连、秦皮等药用，如白头翁汤（《伤寒论》）；若配栀子用，可治湿热郁蒸之黄疸，如栀子柏皮汤（《伤寒论》）。
To treat dysentery, commonly used with Bai Tou Weng, Huang Lian, and Qin Pi, e.g., Bai Tou Weng Tang (Treatise on Cold Damage). When combined with Zhi Zi, it treats damp-heat jaundice, e.g., Zhi Zi Bai Pi Tang (Treatise on Cold Damage).

3、治湿热下注所致脚气肿痛、痿证，常配苍术、牛膝用，如三妙丸（《医学心悟》）。若配知母、熟地、龟甲等，可治阴虚火旺之痿证，如虎潜丸（《丹溪心法》）。
For athlete’s foot and flaccidity from damp-heat, often combined with Atractylodes and Achyranthes, e.g., San Miao Wan (Medical Enlightenment). With Anemarrhena, Rehmannia, and tortoise shell, treats flaccidity from yin deficiency and fire excess, e.g., Hu Qian Wan (Danxi's Methods).

4、治阴虚火旺，潮热盗汗、腰酸遗精，常与知母相须为用，并配生地黄、山药等，如知柏地黄丸（《医宗金鉴》）；或配熟地黄、龟甲，如大补阴丸（《丹溪心法》）。
For yin deficiency with fire excess, tidal fever, night sweats, sore back, and spermatorrhea, often combined with Zhimu, Shengdi, and Shan Yao, e.g., Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan (Yi Zong Jin Jian), or with Shu Di Huang and Gui Jia, e.g., Da Bu Yin Wan (Danxi's Methods).

5、治疮疡肿毒，内服外用均可，如黄连解毒汤（《外台秘要》）以本品配黄芩、黄连、栀子煎服；又如二黄散（《痈疽神验秘方》）以本品配大黄为末，醋调外搽；治湿疹瘙痒，可配荆芥、苦参、白鲜皮等煎服；亦可配煅石膏等份为末，外撒或油调搽患处，如石黄散（《青囊秘传》）。
For abscesses and swellings, both internal and external use are effective. For example, Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Wai Tai Mi Yao) combines this herb with Huang Qin, Huang Lian, and Zhi Zi for oral use. Er Huang San (Yongju Shenyi Mifang) mixes it with Da Huang, applies externally with vinegar. For eczema and itching, combine with Jing Jie, Ku Shen, Bai Xian Pi orally; or mix with calcined gypsum, apply topically as powder or oil paste, e.g., Shi Huang San (Qing Nang Mi Chuan).

相关配伍 Related Combinations

1、黄柏配白头翁：黄柏长于泻肾火，清下焦湿热；白头翁入胃大肠经，能入血分清肠热善除肠胃热毒蕴结，为治热痢要药。二药相须为用，泻热燥湿清肠解毒之力大增。适用于湿热痢疾。
Huang Bai with Bai Tou Weng: Huang Bai excels at clearing kidney fire and damp-heat in the lower jiao; Bai Tou Weng enters the stomach and large intestine meridians, clears heat in the blood level, eliminates intestinal heat-toxin, and is key for heat dysentery. Used together, their heat-clearing, damp-drying, and detoxifying actions are enhanced. Suitable for damp-heat dysentery.

2、黄柏配细辛：黄柏以泻肾火，清下焦湿热为专长；细辛辛温性烈，上疏头风，下通肾气，并能通窍止痛。二药配伍，寒热并用，相辅相成，细辛温性被黄柏所抑，但能入少阴通肾气而开窍，利于行水气，助黄柏泻相火，清湿热。适用于尿频尿急而排尿不畅及尿路疼痛者。
Huang Bai with Xi Xin: Huang Bai clears kidney fire and damp-heat in the lower jiao; Xi Xin is pungent, warm, and potent, dispersing wind in the head and promoting kidney qi flow, opening orifices and relieving pain. Combined, they balance cold and heat. Xi Xin's warmth is moderated by Huang Bai, yet still enters Shaoyin, promotes kidney qi, opens orifices, facilitates water movement, and assists Huang Bai in clearing fire and damp-heat. Suitable for frequent/urgent urination with poor flow and urinary pain.

3、黄柏配肉桂：黄柏苦寒，清相火而燥湿坚阴；肉桂辛甘大热，温补肾阳，益火消阴。二药相须为用，温阳化气而不生邪热，能使阳入于阴，燥湿清热而不寒滞，使阴出于阳。适用于肾阳不足、气化不利、湿热内停所致的小便不利、尿闭。
Huang Bai with Rou Gui: Huang Bai is bitter and cold, clears ministerial fire and dries dampness while consolidating yin; Rou Gui is pungent, sweet, and hot, warms and tonifies kidney yang, strengthens fire to dispel yin. Together, they warm yang and transform qi without generating pathogenic heat, allowing yang to enter yin; simultaneously, they clear heat and dry dampness without causing cold stagnation, enabling yin to emerge. Suitable for urinary difficulty or retention due to kidney yang deficiency, impaired qi transformation, and internal damp-heat.

4、黄柏配苍术：黄柏苦寒，气味俱厚，性沉而降，以清下焦湿热为长；苍术味辛主散，性温而燥，化湿运脾，祛风除湿，通治内外湿邪。二药配伍，苍术得黄柏，燥湿之力大增；黄柏得苍术，以温制寒，清热而不致损阳。二药相使相制，并走于下，清热燥湿之功显著。适用于热痹，湿热下注之筋骨肿痛、下肢痿软，湿热带下及湿疹等。
Huang Bai with Cang Zhu: Huang Bai is bitter-cold, strong in aroma, sinking and descending, excels at clearing damp-heat in the lower jiao. Cang Zhu is pungent, warm, and drying, transforms dampness, strengthens the spleen, dispels wind-dampness, treats both internal and external dampness. Together, Cang Zhu's drying effect is enhanced by Huang Bai; Huang Bai's coldness is tempered by Cang Zhu, so heat is cleared without damaging yang. They synergize and regulate each other, acting downward to strongly clear heat and dry dampness. Suitable for heat bi syndrome, tendon-bone swelling, lower limb weakness, damp-heat leukorrhea, and eczema.

5、黄柏配龟甲：黄柏性寒沉降而润，长于泻相火而救肾水；龟甲性凉，气味厚浊，为纯阴之品，入肝肾，能补肝肾而滋阴降火。二药相须为用，养阴而不敛邪，清利而不伤阴，滋中有降，清中有补，标本兼施，共奏滋阴降火之功。适用于肝肾不足、阴虚火旺之骨蒸劳热、盗汗、遗精、腰膝酸软、筋骨不健等。
Huang Bai with Gui Jia: Huang Bai is cold, descending, and moistening, excels at clearing ministerial fire and preserving kidney water. Gui Jia is cool, thick and turbid, purely yin, enters liver and kidney, nourishes liver-kidney yin and clears deficient fire. Used together, they nourish yin without retaining pathogens, clear damp-heat without injuring yin, combine nourishing with descending, clearing with tonifying, addressing both root and branch, achieving synergistic effects in nourishing yin and reducing fire. Suitable for liver-kidney deficiency, yin deficiency with fire excess, bone-steaming fever, night sweats, spermatorrhea, sore weak knees, and poor tendon-bone health.

鉴别用药 Differentiation in Medicinal Use

1、生黄柏、盐黄柏、酒黄柏、黄柏炭：生黄柏苦燥性寒而沉，泻火解毒、燥湿作用较强，多用于湿热痢疾、黄疸、热淋、足膝肿痛、疮疡肿毒、湿疹等。盐黄柏苦燥之性缓和，滋阴降火、退虚热作用较强，主治阴虚发热、骨蒸盗汗、遗精、足膝痿软、咳嗽咯血。酒黄柏苦寒之性降低，免伤脾阳，并借酒升腾之力，引药上行，善清上焦之热，用治热壅上焦之目赤、咽喉肿痛、口舌生疮及赤白带下。黄柏炭清湿热之中兼具涩性，多用于便血、崩漏下血。
Raw, salted, wine-processed, and charred Huang Bai: Raw Huang Bai is bitter, drying, cold, and descending, strongly clears heat, detoxifies, and dries dampness—used for damp-heat dysentery, jaundice, hot lin, knee swelling, abscesses, eczema. Salt-processed is milder, better at nourishing yin, reducing fire, and treating deficiency heat—indicated for yin deficiency fever, night sweats, spermatorrhea, weak legs, coughing with blood. Wine-processed reduces coldness, protects spleen yang, and guides action upward via wine’s rising nature—effective for upper-jiao heat like red eyes, sore throat, mouth ulcers, and leukorrhea. Charred Huang Bai clears damp-heat with astringency—used for bloody stools and metrorrhagia.

2、黄芩、黄连、黄柏：三药均味苦性寒，功能清热燥湿，泻火解毒，常相须为用，治湿热、火毒诸证，如湿热泻痢、湿热黄疸、热毒痈肿、目赤肿痛、血热吐衄及其他诸脏腑火热证。不同的是：黄芩主入肺与大肠经，兼入胃与胆等经，作用偏于上焦及大肠，善清肺与大肠之火，且止血作用显著，尤善治温病热入气营血分、肺热咳喘、湿温、暑湿、湿热中阻、湿热淋痛及痔漏便血；还能清热安胎，治胎热之胎动不安。黄连大苦大寒，主入心胃，兼归肝与大肠等经，作用偏于心及中焦，善清心胃之火，除中焦湿热，尤善治温病热入营血之神昏谵语、心烦不寐、胃火牙痛、口舌生疮、肝火犯胃呕吐吞酸、湿热痞满，以及胃火炽盛消谷善饥；此外，少量用尚能健胃，与健脾胃药同用，可治脾胃虚弱。黄柏药力不及黄连，主入肾与膀胱经，作用偏于下焦，善清相（肾）火，退虚热，除下焦湿热，尤善治阴虚火旺、骨蒸潮热，以及下焦湿热之尿闭、淋浊、带下、阴痒、足膝肿痛及脚气等。
Scutellaria, Coptis, Phellodendron: All three are bitter and cold, clear heat, dry dampness, drain fire, and detoxify—often used together for damp-heat and fire-toxin syndromes. Differences: Scutellaria mainly enters lung and large intestine, acts on upper jiao and large intestine, excels at clearing lung and intestinal fire, has strong hemostatic effects—good for warm diseases, lung heat, bleeding hemorrhoids, and fetal restlessness. Coptis is extremely bitter and cold, enters heart and stomach, focuses on heart and middle jiao—excellent for heart-stomach fire, insomnia, mouth ulcers, acid reflux, and overeating from stomach fire. Small doses can even aid digestion. Phellodendron is less potent than Coptis, enters kidney and bladder, targets lower jiao—best for yin deficiency fire, bone-steaming fever, and lower jiao damp-heat conditions like urinary issues, leukorrhea, and athlete’s foot.

3、知母与黄柏：二者均苦寒而能清热泻火，退虚热，治阴虚内热证时每相须为用，如知柏地黄丸。然知母甘寒质润，尤善清泻肺胃气分实火，又兼滋阴润燥之功，清中寓补，治阴虚内热证可奏标本兼顾之效。黄柏苦寒较甚，以清热燥湿为主，兼能泻火解毒，多用于湿热、实火及热毒证；若用于退虚热，则以治标降火为主，常配补肾养阴之品。
Zhimu and Huangbai: Both are bitter and cold, clear heat, drain fire, and reduce deficiency heat—often used together (e.g., Zhibai Dihuang Wan). However, Zhimu is sweet-cold and moist, especially good at clearing real fire in lung and stomach, and nourishes yin—clearing with tonification, addressing both root and branch. Huangbai is more bitter and cold, mainly clears damp-heat, drains fire, and detoxifies—used for damp-heat, excess fire, and toxin conditions. When used for deficiency heat, it mainly reduces fire, usually combined with kidney-tonifying, yin-nourishing herbs.

相关药品 Related Medicinal Products

白带丸、泌尿宁颗粒、湿热痹颗粒（片）、如意金黄散、九圣散。
Baodai Pill, Micturition Peace Granules, Damp-Heat Bi Granules (Tablets), Ruyi Golden Powder, Jiusheng Powder.

相关方剂 Related Prescriptions

易黄汤（《傅青主女科》）、萆薢分清饮（《杨氏家藏方》）、白头翁汤（《伤寒论》）、三妙丸（《医学正传》）、知柏地黄丸（《医方考》）。
Yi Huang Tang (Fu Qingzhu's Gynecology), Bi Xie Fen Qing Yin (Yang's Family Collection), Bai Tou Weng Tang (Treatise on Cold Damage), San Miao Wan (Medical Transmission), Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan (Medical Formulas Examined).

药膳食疗 Medicinal Diet Therapy

1、赤豆牛膝黄柏茶：
Red Bean, Achyranthes, and Phellodendron Tea:

（1）功效：清热利湿、解毒消肿。主治湿热下注而致的下肢丹毒、红肿疼痛。
Efficacy: Clearing heat, promoting diuresis, detoxifying, and reducing swelling. Treats lower limb erysipelas, redness, and pain due to damp-heat.

（2）原材料：赤小豆15克，牛膝、川柏各10克。
Ingredients: 15g adzuki beans, 10g each of achyranthes and Sichuan phellodendron bark.

（3）做法：将赤小豆、牛膝、川柏，捣成粗末，置保暖瓶中，冲入沸水适量，加盖焖20分钟后热服。
Method: Grind ingredients into coarse powder, place in thermos, pour boiling water, cover, steep 20 minutes, drink warm.

（4）用法：频频代茶饮用，每日1剂。
Usage: Drink frequently as tea, one dose daily.

2、鼻渊黄柏茶：
Nasal Congestion Huangbai Tea:

（1）功效：清热燥湿、解毒通窍。主治：“鼻窒”、“鼻渊”而引起的鼻塞日久、脓涕不断、鼻黏膜红肿，或伴寒热头痛、眉额胀痛。相当于现代医学之慢性鼻炎、副鼻窦炎。亦可用于化脓性中耳炎。
Efficacy: Clear heat and dampness, detoxify and open orifices. Treats long-term nasal congestion, purulent discharge, mucosal swelling from "nasal obstruction" or "rhinitis," possibly with chills, fever, headache, and forehead pain—equivalent to chronic rhinitis, sinusitis. Also useful for suppurative otitis media.

（2）原材料：龙井茶15克，川黄柏9克。
Ingredients: 15g Longjing tea, 9g Sichuan phellodendron bark.

（3）做法：上药研为细末，置热水瓶中用适量沸水冲泡，加盖焖15分钟。
Method: Grind herbs into fine powder, place in thermos, pour boiling water, cover, steep 15 minutes.

（4）用法：代茶饮用。每日1剂：或将细末直接吹入两侧鼻腔内，每日2-3次。
Usage: Drink as tea, one dose daily; or blow powder directly into both nostrils, 2–3 times daily.

3、黄柏知母酒：
Huang Bai Zhi Mu Wine:

（1）功效：滋阴降火。主治阴虚火旺、骨蒸劳热、年老之人足膝疼痛、软弱无力。
Efficacy: Nourish yin and reduce fire. Treats yin deficiency with fire excess, bone-steaming fever, elderly knee-foot pain, weakness.

（2）原材料：黄柏40克，知母40克，龟板40克，黄酒1升。
Ingredients: 40g Huang Bai, 40g Zhi Mu, 40g Gui Ban, 1L yellow rice wine.

（3）做法：黄柏炒成褐色，知母炒约10分钟，龟板炙酥。以上三味，共研粗末，入纱布袋中，扎口，浸入酒中封口。浸泡15日后，过滤去渣留液，备用。
Method: Fry Huang Bai until brown, fry Zhi Mu ~10 min, roast Gui Ban until crisp. Mix, grind coarsely, place in gauze bag, seal, soak in wine. After 15 days, filter, keep liquid.

（4）用法：每日1次，每次10毫升，午饭后饮用。
Usage: 10mL once daily after lunch.

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：4-7月剥取树皮，刮去粗皮，干燥。
Harvesting: From April to July, peel bark, scrape off rough layer, and dry.

炮制方法：
Processing methods:

1、黄柏：取原药材除去杂质，抢水洗净，润透，切丝，干燥。
Raw Huang Bai: Remove impurities, wash quickly, moisten thoroughly, cut into strips, dry.

2、炒黄柏：取净黄柏丝，置锅内，用文火炒至微焦，取出放凉。
Stir-fried Huang Bai: Take clean strips, stir-fry over low heat until slightly charred, cool.

3、盐炒黄柏：取净黄柏丝，用盐水拌匀，闷润至尽，置锅内，用文火炒干，取出放凉。
Salt-processed: Mix clean strips with salt water, let absorb, stir-fry over low heat until dry, cool.

4、酒炒黄柏：取净黄柏丝，用黄酒拌匀，闷润至尽，置锅内，用文火炒干，取出放凉。
Wine-processed: Mix with yellow wine, let absorb, stir-fry over low heat until dry, cool.

5、黄柏炭：取净黄柏丝，置热锅内，用武火炒至表面焦黑色，内部焦褐色喷淋清水少许，灭尽火星，取出，晾干，凉透。
Charred Huang Bai: Stir-fry clean strips over high heat until surface blackened, interior dark brown; sprinkle water to extinguish sparks, remove, dry, cool.

保存方法 Storage Method

置通风干燥处，防潮。
Store in a well-ventilated, dry place, protect from moisture.

药材鉴别 Medicinal Material Identification

1、本品粉末鲜黄色。纤维鲜黄色，直径16-38μm，常成束，周围细胞含草酸钙方晶，形成晶纤维；含晶细胞壁木化增厚。石细胞鲜黄色，类圆形或纺锤形，直径35-128μm，有的呈分枝状，枝端锐尖，壁厚，层纹明显；有的可见大型纤维状的石细胞，长可达900μm。草酸钙方晶众多。
The powder is bright yellow. Fibers are bright yellow, 16–38μm in diameter, often in bundles, surrounded by cells containing calcium oxalate prisms, forming crystal fibers; cell walls are lignified. Stone cells are bright yellow, round or spindle-shaped, 35–128μm, some branched with sharp tips, thick walls, distinct layers; some large fiber-like stone cells up to 900μm long. Numerous calcium oxalate prisms.

2、取本品粉末0.2g，加1%醋酸甲醇溶液40ml，于60℃超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液浓缩至2ml，作为供试品溶液。另取黄柏对照药材0.1g，加1%醋酸甲醇20ml，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取盐酸黄柏碱对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各3-5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇-水（30∶15∶4）的下层溶液为展开剂，置氨蒸气饱和的展开缸内，展开，取出，晾干，喷以稀碘化铋钾试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
Take 0.2g powder, add 40ml 1% acetic acid-methanol, sonicate at 60°C for 20min, filter, concentrate filtrate to 2ml → test solution. Take 0.1g Phellodendri Cortex control material, prepare similarly → control solution. Dissolve berberine hydrochloride in methanol to 0.5mg/ml → reference solution. Apply 3–5μL of each to same silica gel G plate. Develop with chloroform-methanol-water (30:15:4) lower phase in ammonia-saturated chamber. Dry, spray with dilute potassium iodobismuthite. Identical colored spots appear in test sample at positions matching controls.

药材性状 Macroscopic Characteristics

1、川黄柏：树皮呈浅槽状或板片状，略弯曲，长宽不一，厚3-6mm，外表面黄褐色或黄棕色，平坦或具纵沟纹，有的可见残存的灰褐色粗皮及唇形横生皮孔。内表面暗黄色或淡棕色，具细密的纵棱纹。体轻，质硬，断面皮层略呈颗粒状，韧皮部纤维状，呈裂片状分层，深黄色。气微，味极苦，嚼之有黏性。
Sichuan Huang Bai: Bark shallowly grooved or plate-like, slightly curved, 3–6mm thick. Outer surface yellow-brown, flat or longitudinally grooved, sometimes with gray-brown remnants and lip-shaped pores. Inner surface dark yellow or light brown, with fine longitudinal ridges. Light, hard, cross-section granular outer layer, fibrous inner layer in laminated deep yellow sheets. Slight odor, intensely bitter, sticky when chewed.

2、关黄柏：厚2-4mm。外表面黄绿色或淡棕黄色，较平坦，有不规则的纵裂纹，皮孔痕小而少见，偶有灰白色的粗皮残留。内表面黄色或黄棕色。体轻，质较硬，断面鲜黄色或黄绿色。
Guan Huang Bai: 2–4mm thick. Outer surface yellow-green or pale brown-yellow, fairly flat, irregular vertical cracks, small rare lenticels, occasional gray-white bark residue. Inner surface yellow or yellow-brown. Light, relatively hard, cross-section bright yellow or yellow-green.

饮片性状 Slice Characteristics

1、黄柏：为微卷曲的丝状，外表面黄绿色或淡棕黄色，较平坦，内表面黄色或黄棕色。体轻，质坚硬，切面鲜黄色。气微，味苦。
Huang Bai slices: Slightly curled threads, outer surface yellow-green or light brown-yellow, inner surface yellow or yellow-brown. Light, hard, fresh yellow cross-section. Mild odor, bitter taste.

2、炒黄柏：形如黄柏丝，色泽加深，质焦脆。
Stir-fried: Similar to raw, darker color, brittle texture.

3、盐黄柏：形如黄柏丝，表面深黄色，偶有焦斑，略具咸味。
Salt-processed: Like raw, deep yellow, occasional scorch marks, slightly salty.

4、酒黄柏：形如黄柏丝，表面深黄色，偶有焦斑，略具酒气。
Wine-processed: Like raw, deep yellow, slight wine aroma.

5、黄柏炭：形如黄柏丝，表面焦黑色，内部焦褐色，质轻而脆，味微苦涩。
Charred: Like raw, surface charred black, interior dark brown, light, brittle, slightly bitter-astringent.

常见伪品 Common Counterfeits

1、山杨皮：为杨柳科植物山杨Populus davidiana Dode去掉木栓层的树皮，经黄色染料染色加工而成。呈大小不等的板片，色较淡，且不均匀，切面稍纤维性裂片分层，味淡，不苦。
Shanyangpi: Bark of Populus davidiana (Salicaceae), cork removed, dyed yellow. Irregular plates, pale and uneven color, slightly fibrous layered section, mild, not bitter.

2、川楝皮：为楝科植物川楝Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc.去掉木栓层的树皮。呈板片状，大小不一，厚1-4mm，外表面浅黄棕色，内表面黄白色，具不规则黄白不一纵向纹理，质韧，难折断，断面纤维性，易成片剥离。味苦。
Chuanlianpi: Bark of Melia toosendan (Meliaceae), cork removed. Plate-like, 1–4mm thick, outer surface light yellow-brown, inner surface white-yellow, irregular longitudinal patterns, tough, fibrous, easily peeled in layers. Bitter taste.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：芸香科黄檗属植物黄皮树。
Species: Phellodendron chinense Schneid., family Rutaceae.

形态特征：乔木，高达20余米，胸径1m；树皮薄，浅灰褐色，纵裂成条片；枝条向上伸展或斜展，幼树树冠卵状尖塔形，老树树冠则为广圆形；生鳞叶的小枝细，向上直展或斜展，扁平，排成一平面。叶鳞形，长1-3mm，先端微钝，小枝中央的叶的露出部分呈倒卵状菱形或斜方形，背面中间有条状腺槽，两侧的叶船形，先端微内曲，背部有钝脊，尖头的下方有腺点。雄球花黄色，卵圆形，长约2mm；雌球花近球形，径约2mm，蓝绿色，被白粉。球果近卵圆形，长1.5-2（-2.5）cm，成熟前近肉质，蓝绿色，被白粉，成熟后木质，开裂，红褐色；中间两对种鳞倒卵形或椭圆形，鳞背顶端的下方有一向外弯曲的尖头，上部1对种鳞窄长，近柱状，顶端有向上的尖头，下部1对种鳞极小，长达13mm，稀退化而不显著；种子卵圆形或近椭圆形，顶端微尖，灰褐色或紫褐色，长6-8mm，稍有棱脊，无翅或有极窄之翅。花期3-4月，球果10月成熟。
Morphology: Tall tree up to 20+ meters, trunk up to 1m diameter. Thin bark, light gray-brown, vertically fissured into strips. Branches upright or spreading; young crown conical, old crown broadly rounded. Twigs slender, flat, in one plane. Scale leaves 1–3mm, blunt-tipped; central leaf exposed part inverted diamond-shaped, with glandular groove on back; lateral leaves boat-shaped, slightly incurved, with blunt ridge and gland below tip. Male cones yellow, oval, ~2mm; female cones nearly spherical, ~2mm, bluish-green, waxy. Cones ovate, 1.5–2.5cm, fleshy and bluish-green before maturity, woody and reddish-brown after, dehiscent. Middle seed scales inverted ovate or elliptic, with outward-curving tip; upper pair narrow, columnar, with upward tip; lower pair very small (~13mm), often degenerate. Seeds oval, slightly pointed, gray-brown or purplish-brown, 6–8mm, slightly ridged, wingless or with narrow wing. Flowering March–April, fruit matures October.

分布区域 Distribution Area

分布于浙江、江西、湖北、广西、四川、贵州、云南、陕西南部等地。
Distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, southern Shaanxi, and other regions.

道地产区 Authentic Production Areas

川黄柏主产于四川、贵州、湖北、云南等地，关黄柏主产于辽宁、吉林、河北等地。
Sichuan Huang Bai is mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Yunnan; Guan Huang Bai in Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei.