五灵脂，中药名。为鼯鼠科复齿鼯鼠动物复齿鼯鼠Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards之干燥粪便。具有活血止痛，化瘀止血的功效。主治瘀血阻滞诸痛证，如胸痹心痛、脘胁腹刺痛、痛经、经闭、产后瘀滞腹痛、骨折肿痛、出血证属瘀血内阻血不循经者。
Wu-ling-zhi, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. the dried feces of the animal Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards, a member of the family Sciuridae. It has the effects of promoting blood circulation, relieving pain, and resolving blood stasis. It is mainly used for various pain syndromes caused by blood stasis obstruction, such as angina pectoris, abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, bone fracture pain and swelling, and bleeding caused by blood stasis obstructing the meridians.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

活血止痛，化瘀止血。
Promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, relieving pain, and stopping bleeding.

主治 Indications

1、主要用于瘀血阻滞诸痛证，如胸痹心痛、脘胁腹刺痛、痛经、经闭、产后瘀滞腹痛、骨折肿痛、出血证属瘀血内阻血不循经者。
2、西医诊为冠心病心绞痛、慢性胃炎、胃溃疡及十二指肠溃疡、慢性结肠炎、痛经、功能性子宫出血、跌损骨折等属瘀血阻滞证者。

1. It is mainly used for the syndrome of blood stasis causing various pains, such as chest pain, angina, stabbing pain in the epigastrium and hypochondrium, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, bone fracture pain and swelling, and bleeding caused by blood stasis obstructing the circulation of blood in the meridians.
2. In Western medicine, it is diagnosed as angina pectoris, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, chronic colitis, dysmenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, contusions, and fractures caused by blood stasis obstruction.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，5-10g；或入丸、散。外用：适量，研末撒或调敷。
Internal use: Decoction, 5-10g; or formulated into pills or powder. External use: Apply an appropriate amount, sprinkle or apply the powdered herb.

禁忌 Contraindications

中药配伍禁忌：畏人参。
Taboos in traditional Chinese medicine compatibility: avoid combining ginseng with wulingzhi.

注意事项 Precautions

1、传统认为人参畏五灵脂，属“十九畏”内容，故两药一般不宜配伍同用。
2、五灵脂善于活血化瘀，故血虚无瘀及孕妇慎用。

1. It is traditionally believed that ginseng is incompatible with wulingzhi, as it falls under the category of "nineteen incompatible combinations," and therefore the two should not be used together.
2. Wulingzhi is effective in promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis, so it should be used with caution in cases of blood deficiency without blood stasis, as well as in pregnant women.

化学成分 Chemical Composition

含三萜类化合物（三对节酸、五灵脂三萜酸等）、酚酸、含氮化合物（尿素、尿酸）、维生素A类物质及多量树脂等。
It contains triterpenoids (such as oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), phenolic acids, nitrogen-containing compounds (urea, uric acid), substances similar to vitamin A, and a large amount of resin.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

1、对血液系统的影响：五灵脂可抑制血小板聚集，降低全血黏度、血浆黏度，抗血栓形成。
2、对循环系统的影响：五灵脂能增加冠脉血流量，降低冠脉阻力，降低左室作功和外周阻力，减少心肌细胞耗氧量；并对实验性微循环障碍有良好的改善作用。

1. Effects on the blood system: Wulingzhi can inhibit platelet aggregation, reduce whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, and prevent thrombus formation.
2. Effects on the circulatory system: Wulingzhi can increase coronary blood flow, reduce coronary resistance, decrease left ventricular work and peripheral resistance, and reduce myocardial oxygen consumption. It also has a good improvement effect on experimental microcirculation disorders.
3. Effects on the digestive system: Wulingzhi can inhibit gastric acid secretion, regulate and improve gastric mucosal blood flow, and enhance the defensive function of the gastric mucosa.
4. Antimicrobial effects: Wulingzhi has varying degrees of inhibitory effects on various pathogenic skin fungi and can also inhibit tuberculosis bacilli.
5. In addition, Wulingzhi can enhance the normal immune function of the body, relieve smooth muscle spasms, and improve tolerance to hypoxia, cold, and high temperatures.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1、《开宝本草》：“主疗心腹冷气，小儿五疳，辟疫、治肠风，通利气脉，女子月闭。”
2、《本草图经》：“治伤冷积聚及小儿女子方中多用之。”

1. "Kai Bao Ben Cao": "It is used to treat coldness in the abdomen, infantile malnutrition, prevent epidemics, treat intestinal wind, promote the circulation of qi and blood, and relieve menstrual blockages in women."
2. "Ben Cao Tu Jing": "It is commonly used to treat cold accumulation injuries and is frequently used in pediatric and gynecological prescriptions."
3. "Ben Cao Yan Yi Bu Yi": "It can promote blood circulation and stop bleeding. It is used to treat coldness in the abdomen, women's heart pain, and blood stasis pain."
4. "Ben Cao Meng Quan": "When used to promote blood circulation, it is best used raw, while when used to stop bleeding, it should be fried. It is used to treat menstrual blockages, excessive bleeding during childbirth, and childhood malnutrition due to intestinal parasites."
5. "Ben Cao Shu": "It is used to treat bone injuries."
6. "Modern Practical Chinese Medicine": "It is applied topically to treat ulcers and scabies."
7. "Ben Cao Yan Yi": "Wu Ling Zhi is effective in promoting menstrual blood circulation but does not generate blood. There was once a person suffering from eye opacity that came and went unpredictably, which was caused by blood stasis. The heart generates blood, the liver stores blood, and when the liver receives blood, it enables vision. If the eyes are diseased, treating the blood is the fundamental principle."
8. "Ben Cao Jing Shu": "Wu Ling Zhi is particularly effective in breaking up and promoting blood circulation. Therefore, it is essential for conditions such as stagnant blood causing pain, postpartum bleeding, blood rushing to the heart, lower abdominal and sacral pain, menstrual blockages, blood stasis causing pain between the heart and stomach, blood stagnation in the meridians, and stabbing pain due to blocked qi, among others. It is indispensable in these cases."

临床应用 Clinical Application

1、治产后恶露不快，腰痛，少腹如刺，时作寒热，头痛不思饮食；又治久有瘀血，月水不调，黄瘦不食；亦疗心痛：五灵脂水淘净，炒末一两，以好米醋调稀，慢火熬膏，入真蒲黄和丸龙眼大。每服一丸，以水与童子小便各半盏，煎至七分，温服，少顷再服；经闭者，酒磨服下。（《产乳集验方》紫金丸）
2、治妇人经血不止：五灵脂末，炒令过熟，出尽烟气。每服大两钱，用当归两片，酒一中盏，与药末同煎至六分，去滓热服，连三、五服。（《经效方》）

1. Treatment for postpartum lochia discomfort, lower back pain, stabbing pain in the lower abdomen, alternating chills and fever, headache, and loss of appetite: Cleanse and soak Five Lingzhi resin in water, then fry and grind into a fine powder, mix with good quality rice vinegar to make a paste, simmer over low heat to make an ointment, and combine with genuine Puhuang and Longyan. Take one pill each time, with half a cup of water and child's urine, simmer until reduced to seven-tenths, and take it warm, followed by another dose after a short while. For those with amenorrhea, grind the pill and take it with wine. (From "Chanru Jiyuan Fang" Zijin Pill)
2. Treatment for excessive menstrual bleeding in women: Fry Five Lingzhi resin until fully cooked and smoke is released. Take two taels each time, along with two pieces of danggui and a cup of wine, simmer together until reduced to six-tenths, remove the dregs, and take it while hot, for three to five doses. (From "Jingxiao Fang")
3. Treatment for severe postpartum abdominal pain: Mix Puhuang (fried until fragrant) and Five Lingzhi resin (soaked in wine and cleaned of sand) in equal parts, grind into a powder, mix with sour vinegar to make a paste, add a cup of water, simmer until reduced to seven-tenths, and take it warm before meals. (From "Jufang" Shisiao San)
4. Treatment for abdominal pain due to spleen qi stagnation in men and various pains in women: Grind and take a qian of smoked Five Lingzhi resin with warm wine. (From "Yonglei Qianfang" Lingzhi San)
5. Treatment for unbearable sudden heart pain: Take two qian of finely ground Five Lingzhi resin, sprinkle with hot water, and take it with vinegar soup for women. (From "Jifeng Xiji Fang")
6. Treatment for wind-cold causing blood stasis, body aches, and numbness: Mix two liang of Five Lingzhi resin, one liang of moyao, half a liang of ruxiang, and one and a half liang of chuanwutou (peeled and fried). Grind into a powder and make into pill-sized pellets. Take one pellet each time, grind with warm wine and take with fresh ginger. (From "Bencao Yanyi")
7. Treatment for intestinal wind causing rectal bleeding: Fry and grind Five Lingzhi resin until fully cooked, take a qian each time, and take it with wumei and boye decoction. (From "Yonglei Qianfang")
8. Treatment for reckless blood flow into the stomach causing incessant vomiting: Take one liang of Five Lingzhi resin and half a liang of astragalus, grind into a powder, and take with fresh well water, two qian each time. (From "Gangmu")
9. Treatment for unbearable heart pain due to worms: Take two qian of Five Lingzhi resin powder, half a qian of calcined alum, grind together, take one to two qian each time with a cup of water, simmer for five minutes, and take it warm, without any specific timing. (From "Yanshi Xia'er Fanglun")
10. Treatment for fractured bones and swelling pain: Take one liang each of Five Lingzhi resin and baiji, and three qian each of ruxiang and moyao. Grind into a powder, mix with hot water and sesame oil, and apply to the affected area. (From "Qiankun Shengyi Miyun")
11. Treatment for injuries and bone setting: Take one liang of Five Lingzhi resin and one qian of fennel, grind into a fine powder; separately grind ruxiang into a fine powder, mix it at the extremely painful area, apply it with a small yellow rice gruel, then mix the two medicinal powders on top, wrap it with silk, and bind it with wooden strips. (From "Rumen Shiqin" Jieguo Dan)
12. Treatment for eczema and scabies: Mix Five Lingzhi resin powder with oil and apply it. (From "Zhaiyuan Fang")
13. Treatment for centipede, snake, and scorpion venomous insect bites: Apply Five Lingzhi resin powder. (From "Jinkui Gouxuan")
14. Treatment for pulmonary distention: Grind two liang of Five Lingzhi resin, half a liang of baizi ren, and eight huzi (peeled and ground) into a paste, make into pill-sized pellets, about the size of a small bean, and take fifteen pellets with muxiang and gancao decoction. (From "Shengji Zonglu" Zhoufei Pill)
15. Treatment for corneal opacity: Mix equal parts of Five Lingzhi resin and conch powder into a fine powder, dip in pig liver and eat daily. (From "Mingmu Jingyan Fang")
16. Treatment for severe tongue and throat stiffness: Take one liang of Five Lingzhi resin, grind into a fine powder, and simmer with a large bowl of rice vinegar, then gargle. (From "Jingyan Liangfang")

相关爱伍 Herb Combinations

1、五灵脂配蒲黄：五灵脂功善散瘀止痛；蒲黄功善化瘀止血。两药伍用，通利血脉，祛瘀止痛之力增强。适用于瘀血阻滞，血行不畅所致的月经不调，痛经，闭经，产后恶露，产后腹痛等。
2、五灵脂配降香：五灵脂长于通利血脉，活血散瘀止痛；降香功擅活血祛瘀，行气止痛。两药伍用，活血祛瘀、行气止痛作用增强。适用于气滞血瘀之胸痹心痛、腹痛，及跌打损伤之瘀阻肿痛。

1. Wulingzhi combined with Puhuang: Wulingzhi is effective in dispersing stasis and relieving pain, while Puhuang is good at resolving stasis and stopping bleeding. When used together, they promote blood circulation and enhance the power of stasis resolution and pain relief. It is suitable for irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum lochia, and postpartum abdominal pain caused by blood stasis and poor blood circulation.
2. Wulingzhi combined with Jiangxiang: Wulingzhi is good at promoting blood circulation, activating blood, resolving stasis, and relieving pain, while Jiangxiang is skilled in promoting blood circulation, resolving stasis, promoting qi movement, and relieving pain. When used together, they enhance the effects of promoting blood circulation, resolving stasis, promoting qi movement, and relieving pain. It is suitable for chest pain, heartache, abdominal pain caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis, as well as bruises and injuries causing stasis and swelling.
3. Wulingzhi combined with Gaoliangjiang: Wulingzhi mainly enters the liver meridian and blood division, and is good at promoting blood circulation, resolving stasis, and relieving pain; Gaoliangjiang mainly enters the spleen and stomach meridian, and is skilled in warming the stomach, dispelling cold, promoting qi movement, and relieving pain. When used together, they treat both qi and blood, and work together to warm the stomach, dispel cold, promote qi movement, activate blood, and relieve pain. It is suitable for epigastric pain caused by cold congealing, qi stagnation, and blood stasis.

鉴别用药 Differentiation of Medication

1、生五灵脂、酒五灵脂、醋五灵脂：五灵脂生品有腥臭味，不利于服用，临床多外用。酒炒后性缓，能増强活血止痛之功，多用于经闭、痛经、产后瘀阻腹痛。醋制后，引药人肝经，可增强散瘀止痛作用，多用于胃脘痛、胸胁痛、腰痛、痛经、月经过多、吐血、产后恶露不尽等。
2、五灵脂与延胡索：两药均具有活血化瘀止痛之功，均可用治瘀血阻滞诸痛证。然五灵脂炒用能化瘀止血，长于治疗妇科瘀血阻滞崩漏、月经过多。延胡索活血化瘀之中兼有行气作用，止痛力较五灵脂强，广泛用于各种气滞血瘀的痛证。

1. Sheng Wulingzhi, Jiu Wulingzhi, Cu Wulingzhi: Raw Wulingzhi has a fishy odor, which is not conducive to oral administration and is mostly used topically in clinical practice. After being stir-fried with alcohol, it has a milder nature and can enhance the function of promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, and is often used for conditions such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis. After being processed with vinegar, it can affect the liver meridian, enhance the function of promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis and relieving pain, and is often used for conditions such as epigastric pain, chest and hypochondriac pain, lumbago, dysmenorrhea, excessive menstrual bleeding, hematemesis, and incomplete lochia after childbirth.
2. Wulingzhi and Yanhusuo: Both herbs have the function of promoting blood circulation, resolving blood stasis, and relieving pain, and can be used to treat various pain conditions caused by blood stasis. However, stir-fried Wulingzhi has the specific function of resolving blood stasis and stopping bleeding, and is especially effective in treating gynecological conditions such as irregular menstruation, excessive menstrual bleeding. Yanhusuo not only promotes blood circulation and resolves blood stasis but also has the function of promoting Qi circulation and its pain-relieving effect is stronger than that of Wulingzhi, and it is widely used for various pain conditions caused by Qi stagnation and blood stasis.
3. Wulingzhi and Ruxiang: Both herbs have the function of promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, and can be used to treat conditions such as blood stasis causing amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, chest pain, epigastric pain, rheumatic pain, and traumatic injuries. However, Wulingzhi also has the function of resolving blood stasis and stopping bleeding, and can be used to treat bleeding due to blood stasis. Ruxiang also has the function of reducing swelling and promoting tissue regeneration, and is an important herb in the field of external trauma treatment, commonly used for bruises, blood stasis, swelling and pain, and carbuncles and abscesses.
4. Wulingzhi and Puhuang: Both herbs have the function of promoting blood circulation, relieving pain, resolving blood stasis, and stopping bleeding, and can be used to treat conditions such as blood stasis causing amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain, postpartum blood stasis pain, and bleeding due to blood stasis. However, Wulingzhi is more focused on promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, and is especially useful for various pain conditions caused by blood stasis. Puhuang is more focused on resolving blood stasis and stopping bleeding, and is particularly suitable for cases of bleeding due to blood stasis.

药膳食疗 Medicinal Diet Therapy

灵脂红花蒸墨鱼：
1、功效：活血祛淤、消肿止痛。用于病毒性肝炎属气郁而血络淤滞患者。

1. Effects: Promotes blood circulation, dispels stasis, reduces swelling, and relieves pain. Used for patients with viral hepatitis who have stagnation of qi and blood stasis.
2. Ingredients: 9g frankincense, 6g safflower, 9g peach kernel, 20g ink fish, 5g each of ginger, scallion, and salt, and 10g Shaoxing wine.
3. Method: Wash the frankincense, safflower, and peach kernel. Clean the ink fish and cut it into pieces 5cm long and 3cm wide. Slice the ginger and cut the scallion into sections. Place the ink fish in a steaming dish, add salt, Shaoxing wine, ginger, scallion, frankincense, peach kernel, and safflower, and pour in 150ml of water. Place the steaming dish over high heat and steam for 35 minutes.
4. Usage: Once daily, consuming 50g of ink fish each time.

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工
全年可采，但在春、秋季为多，春季采者品质较佳，采得后，拣净砂石、泥土等杂质，晒干。按春形状的不同常分为“灵脂块”及“灵脂米”。

炮制方法
1、五灵脂：取原药材，除去杂质及灰屑；五灵脂块，捣碎。生品用于行血、散血。

1. Wulingzhi: Take the raw medicinal material, remove impurities and ash; crush the Wulingzhi block. Raw Wulingzhi is used to promote blood circulation and stop bleeding.
2. Fried Wulingzhi: Take clean Wulingzhi and place it in a pot, heat it with gentle fire, fry until it turns slightly black or develops scorch marks, then remove and let it cool. Fried Wulingzhi is used to resolve blood stasis and stop bleeding.
3. Vinegar-infused Wulingzhi: Take clean Wulingzhi and place it in a pot, heat it with gentle fire, lightly fry it, then sprinkle rice vinegar, fry until it is slightly dry and glossy, then remove and air dry. For every 100kg of Wulingzhi, use 10kg of rice vinegar. Vinegar-infused Wulingzhi enhances the effect of promoting blood circulation and relieving pain.
4. Wine-infused Wulingzhi: Take clean Wulingzhi and place it in a pot, heat it with gentle fire, lightly fry it, then sprinkle yellow wine, fry until it is slightly dry, then remove and air dry. For every 100kg of Wulingzhi, use 12-18kg of yellow wine.
5. Wulingzhi charcoal: Take clean Wulingzhi and place it in a pot, heat it with medium fire, fry until it turns black and becomes brittle, then remove and let it cool. Wulingzhi charcoal is used to stop bleeding.

保存方法
贮干燥容器内，密闭，置阴凉干燥处。

药材鉴别 Identification of Medicinal Materials

药材性状
1、灵脂块：系由许多粪粒凝结而成，呈不规则的块状，大小不一。表面黑棕色，黄棕色、红棕色或灰棕色，凹凸不平，有的有油润性光泽；粪粒呈长椭圆柱形，其表面常碎裂，呈纤维性。体轻，质较硬，但较易破碎，断面不平坦，可模糊地看出粪粒的形状，有时呈纤维性。气腥臭，味苦。以块状、黑棕色、有光泽、油润而无杂质者佳。

1. Resin Block: It is formed by many fecal pellets coagulating into irregular blocks of varying sizes. The surface is black-brown, yellow-brown, red-brown, or gray-brown, uneven and sometimes with an oily luster. The fecal pellets are elongated and cylindrical, with a fibrous surface often broken. The texture is light and relatively hard, but easily breakable, with an uneven cross-section that vaguely reveals the shape of the fecal pellets, sometimes appearing fibrous. It has a foul smell and a bitter taste. The ideal specimen is block-shaped, black-brown, glossy, and oily without impurities.
2. Resin Rice: It is elongated and cylindrical, with blunt rounded ends, 5-15mm long and 3-6mm in diameter. The surface is black-brown, relatively smooth but slightly rough, with light spots and sometimes glossy. It is light and loose, easily breakable, with a yellow, yellow-green, or black-brown fibrous cross-section. It has a faint odor and a slightly bitter and salty taste. The ideal specimen has a rough surface, black-brown exterior, yellow-green interior, and is light without impurities. Its quality is inferior to that of resin blocks. Both of these medicinal materials are mainly produced in Hebei and Shanxi. Additionally, they are also produced in Gansu, Jilin, Xinjiang, and the suburbs of Beijing.

饮片性状
1、五灵脂：参见“药材”项。

1. Wu Ling Zhi: See "medicinal materials" entry.
2. Stir-fried Wu Ling Zhi: Resembles Wu Ling Zhi, with a slightly black or charred surface.
3. Vinegar-processed Wu Ling Zhi: Resembles Wu Ling Zhi blocks or Wu Ling Zhi powder, with a gray-brown or charred-brown surface, slightly glossy, and a yellow-brown or brownish interior. It is light and has a slight vinegar odor.
4. Wine-processed Wu Ling Zhi: Resembles vinegar-processed Wu Ling Zhi, with a slight wine aroma.
5. Wu Ling Zhi charcoal: Resembles Wu Ling Zhi, with a black charred surface.

动物学信息 Zoological Information

动物属种
鼯鼠科复齿鼯鼠属动物复齿鼯鼠。

形态特征
复齿鼯鼠，形如松鼠，但较松鼠略大，为中等的一种鼯鼠。体长20-30cm，体生250-400g。头宽、吻较短。眼圆而大，耳壳显着，耳基部前后方生有黑色细长的簇毛。前后肢间有皮膜相连。尾呈扁平状，略短于体长，尾毛长而蓬松。全身背毛为灰黄褐色，毛基部黑灰色，上部黄色，尖端黑褐色。颜脸部较淡，为灰色，耳同身色。腹部毛色较浅。毛基灰白色，毛尖黄棕色。皮膜上下一与背腹面色相同，唯侧缘呈鲜橙黄色。四足色较深，为棕黄色。尾为灰黄色，尾尖有黑褐色长毛。

分布区域 Distribution Area

本种我国特有。已知分布于河北、山西、陕西、四川、云南、西藏等。
This species is unique to China and is known to be distributed in Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet.

道地产区 Genuine Producing Region

主产于河北、山西、甘肃、河南等地。
Mainly produced in Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Henan and other regions.