细辛

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为马兜铃科植物北细辛Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.)Kitag.、汉城细辛Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai或华细辛Asarum sieboldii Miq.的干燥根和根茎。前二种习称“辽细辛”。夏季果熟期或初秋采挖，除净地上部分和泥沙，阴干。
Asarum Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.)Kitag., Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai, or Asarum sieboldii Miq. (Fam. Aristolochiaceae). The drug is collected in summer at the period of fruit ripening or in early autumn, removed from aerial parts and adhering soil, and dried in the shade.

性状 Description

北细辛常卷曲成团。根茎横生呈不规则圆柱状，具短分枝，长1～10cm，直径0.2～0.4cm；表面灰棕色，粗糙，有环形的节，节间长0.2～0.3cm，分枝顶端有碗状的茎痕。根细长，密生节上，长10～20cm，直径0.1cm；表面灰黄色，平滑或具纵皱纹；有须根和须根痕；质脆，易折断，断面平坦，黄白色或白色。气辛香，味辛辣、麻舌。
Asarum Root and Rhizome (Asarum heterotropoides) is usually curled into a mass. Rhizome horizontal, irregularly cylindrical, with short branches, 1-10 cm long, 0.2-0.4 cm in diameter; surface grayish-brown, rough, with annular nodes, internodes 0.2-0.3 cm long, branch apex with cup-shaped stem scars. Root slender, densely noded, 10-20 cm long, 0.1 cm in diameter; surface grayish-yellow, smooth or longitudinally wrinkled; with rootlets and rootlet scars; texture brittle, easily broken, fracture flat, yellowish-white or white. Odour, aromatic; taste, pungent and tingling to the tongue.

汉城细辛根茎直径0.1~0.5cm，节间长0.1～1cm。
Asarum Root and Rhizome (Asarum sieboldii var. seoulense) rhizome 0.1-0.5 cm in diameter, internodes 0.1-1 cm long.

华细辛根茎长5～20cm，直径0.1~0.2cm，节间长0.2~1cm。气味较弱。
Asarum Root and Rhizome (Asarum sieboldii) rhizome 5-20 cm long, 0.1-0.2 cm in diameter, internodes 0.2-1 cm long. Odour, weaker.

鉴别 Identification

（1）根横切面：表皮细胞1列，部分残存。皮层宽，有众多油细胞散在；外皮层细胞1列，类长方形，木栓化并微木化；内皮层明显，可见凯氏点。中柱鞘细胞1～2层，初生木质部2～4原型。韧皮部束中央可见1～3个明显较其周围韧皮部细胞大的薄壁细胞，但其长径显著小于最大导管直径，或者韧皮部中无明显的大型薄壁细胞。薄壁细胞含淀粉粒。
（1）Root transverse section: epidermal cells in 1 row, partially vestigial. Cortex broad, with numerous oil cells scattered; exocortical cells 1-layered, oblong-like, corky and slightly lignified; endocortex conspicuous, Kjeldahl dots visible. Mesostylar sheath cells 1 to 2 layers, incipient xylem 2 to 4 prototypes. One to three thin-walled cells distinctly larger than the surrounding phloem cells are seen in the centre of the phloem bundle, but their longitudinal diameter is significantly smaller than the maximum duct diameter, or there are no distinct large thin-walled cells in the phloem. The thin-walled cells contain starch granules.

（2）取本品粉末0.5g，加甲醇20m1，超声处理45分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2m1使溶解，作为供试品溶液，另取细辛对照药材0.5g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取细辛脂素对照品，加甲醇制成每1m1含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各10μ1，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-乙酸乙酯（3∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以1%香草醛硫酸溶液，热风吹至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
（2）To 0.5 g of the powder add 20 ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 45 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 2 ml of methanol as the test solution. Prepare a solution of the reference drug of Asarum (0.5 g) in the same manner as the test solution. Prepare a solution of Asarum Saponin CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90°C) and ethyl acetate (3:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 1% solution of vanillin in sulfuric acid, heat with hot air until the spots are clearly visible. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug and the Reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第三法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832,method 3>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过12.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

马兜铃酸I限量 Aristolochic Acid I limit

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determined by high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为260nm。理论板数按马兜铃酸I峰计算应不低于5000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filling material; use acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.05% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase B, and perform gradient elution according to the provisions in the following table; detection wavelength, 260 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated from the peak of aristolochic acid I should not be less than 5000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取马兜铃酸I对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1m1含0.2ug的溶液，即得。
Weigh accurately an appropriate amount of aristolochic acid I reference substance, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2 μg per ml, and mix well.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品中粉约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入70%甲醇25m1，密塞，称定重量，超声处理（功率500W，频率40kHz）40分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用70%甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Weigh accurately about 0.5 g of the powder, place it in a stoppered conical flask, add accurately 25 ml of 70% methanol, seal the flask, weigh accurately, treat with ultrasound (power 500 W, frequency 40 kHz) for 40 minutes, cool, weigh accurately again, make up the loss in weight with 70% methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μ1，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately suck 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含马兜铃酸I（C17H11NO7)不得过0.001%。
Calculated with reference to the dried drug, the content of aristolochic acid I (C17H11NO7) should not exceed 0.001%.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于9.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 9.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

挥发油 Volatile oil

照挥发油测定法（通则2204）测定。
Determined by the method for determination of volatile oil <2204>.

本品含挥发油不得少于2.0%（ml/g）。
The content of volatile oil should not be less than 2.0% (ml/g).

细辛脂素 Asarinin

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determined by high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以水为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；柱温40℃，检测波长为287nm。理论板数按细辛脂素峰计算应不低于10000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filling material; use acetonitrile as mobile phase A and water as mobile phase B, and perform gradient elution according to the provisions in the following table; column temperature, 40°C; detection wavelength, 287 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated from the peak of Asarum Saponin should not be less than 10000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取细辛脂素对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1m1含50μg的溶液，即得。
Weigh accurately an appropriate amount of Asarum Saponin reference substance, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 50 μg per ml, and mix well.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇15m1，密塞，称定重量，超声处理（功率500W，频率40kHz）45分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Weigh accurately about 0.5 g of the powder (passed through a No. 3 sieve), place it in a stoppered conical flask, add accurately 15 ml of methanol, seal the flask, weigh accurately, treat with ultrasound (power 500 W, frequency 40 kHz) for 45 minutes, cool, weigh accurately again, make up the loss in weight with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μ1，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately suck 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含细辛脂素（C20H18O6）不得少于0.050%。
Calculated with reference to the dried drug, the content of Asarum Saponin (C20H18O6) should not be less than 0.050%.

饮片 Prepared slices

细辛 Asarum Root and Rhizome

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，喷淋清水，稍润，切段，阴干。
Eliminate Foreign matter,spray with Water , soften briefly, cut into sections, and dry in the shade.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的段。根茎呈不规则圆形，外表皮灰棕色，有时可见环形的节。根细，表面灰黄色，平滑或具纵皱纹。切面黄白色或白色。气辛香，味辛辣、麻舌。
The product is in irregular segments. The rhizome is irregularly rounded, with grey-brown outer epidermis, sometimes with ring-shaped nodes visible. The root is fine, grey-yellow surface, smooth or with longitudinal wrinkles. The cut surface is yellowish white or white. Gas pungent aroma, taste pungent, numb tongue.

检查 Examination

总灰分 Total ash

同药材，不得过8.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 8.0 per cent.

马兜铃酸I限量 Aristolochic Acid I limit

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

（除根横切面外）同药材。
(except root cross sections)Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归心、肺、肾经。
Heart, lung, and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

解表散寒，祛风止痛，通窍，温肺化饮。
To release the exterior and dispel cold, expel wind and alleviate pain, open the orifices, warm the lung and transform phlegm.

主治 Indications

用于风寒感冒，头痛，牙痛，鼻塞流涕，鼻鼽，鼻渊，风湿痹痛，痰饮喘咳。
For common cold due to wind-cold, headache, toothache, nasal congestion with discharge, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, rheumatic arthralgia, and cough with phlegm retention.

用量 Dosage

1～3g。散剂每次服0.5～1g。外用适量。
1-3 g. For powder, take 0.5-1 g each time. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

注意 Precautions

不宜与藜芦同用。
Not to be used together with Herba Chenopodii.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Preserve in a cool and dry place.

细辛

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为马兜铃科植物北细辛Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag.、汉城细辛Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai 或华细辛Asarum sieboldii Miq. 的干燥根和根茎。前二种习称“辽细辛”。夏季果熟期或初秋采挖，除净地上部分和泥沙，阴干。
Manchurian Wildginger root is the dried root and rhizome of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag., Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai or Asarum sieboldii Miq. (Fam. Aristolochiaceae). The former two are known as “Liaoxixin". The drug is collected at fruiting stage in summer or at early autumn, removed from aerial part and soil, and dried in the shade.

性状 Description

北细辛
常卷曲成团。根茎横生呈不规则圆柱状，具短分枝，长1～10cm，直径0.2～0.4cm；表面灰棕色，粗糙，有环形的节，节间长0.2～0.3cm，分枝顶端有碗状的茎痕。根细长，密生节上，长10～20cm，直径0.1cm；表面灰黄色，平滑或具纵皱纹；有须根和须根痕；质脆，易折断，断面平坦，黄白色或白色。气辛香，味辛辣、麻舌。

汉城细辛
根茎直径0.1～0.5cm，节间长0.1～1cm。

华细辛
根茎长5～20cm，直径0.1～0.2cm，节间长0.2～1cm。气味较弱。

鉴别 Identification

（1）根横切面：表皮细胞1列，部分残存。皮层宽，有众多油细胞散在；外皮层细胞1列，类长方形，木栓化并微木化；内皮层明显，可见凯氏点。中柱鞘细胞1～2层，初生木质部2～4原型。韧皮部束中央可见1～3个明显较其周围韧皮部细胞大的薄壁细胞，但其长径显著小于最大导管直径，或者韧皮部中无明显的大型薄壁细胞。薄壁细胞含淀粉粒。
(1) Transverse section of root： Epidermis consisting of 1 layer of cells, partially remained. Cortex broad, scattering numerous oil cells； exodermis of 1 layer of cells, cells oblong, walls suberized and slightly lignified； endodermis obvious, Casparian dots visible. Pericycle of 1-2 layer of cells. Primary xylem diarch to tetrarch. Phloem bundles each with 1-3 larger parenchymatous cells in the centre but whose long diameter much shorter than that of the largest vessel； alternatively, no large cells in phloem bundles. Parenchymatous cells containing starch granules.

（2）取本品粉末0.5g，加甲醇20ml，超声处理45分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液，另取细辛对照药材0.5g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取细辛脂素对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-乙酸乙酯（3：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以1%香草醛硫酸溶液，热风吹至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2)To 0.5 g of the powder add 20 ml of methanol, ultrasonicate for 45 minutes, filter and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 2 ml of ethanol as the test solution. Prepare a solution of 0.5 g of Aster Radix et Rhizoma reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution. Dissolve a quantity of asarinin CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90℃) and ethyl acetate (3:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of the above three solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air, spraying with a 1% solution of vanillin in sulfuric acid and heat to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots obtained with the reference drug solution and reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第三法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent (0832, method 3 〉.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过12.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent〈2302〉.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent〈2302〉.

马兜铃酸I限量 Limit of aristolochic acid I

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography 〈0512〉.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic system and system suitability

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为260nm。理论板数按马兜铃酸I峰计算应不低于5000。

时间（分钟）
流动相A（%）
流动相B（%）

0～10
30→34
70→66
10～18
34→35
66→65
18～20
35→45
65→55
20～30
45
55
30～31
45→53
55→47
31～35
53
47
35～40
53→100
47→0

对照品溶液的制备
取马兜铃酸I对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.2μg的溶液，即得。

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于9.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives 〈 2201 , the hot extraction method〉,using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 9.0 per cent

含量测定 Assay

挥发油 Volatile oil

照挥发油测定法（通则2204）测定。
Carry out the method for determination of volatile oil〈2204〉.

本品含挥发油不得少于2.0%（ml/g）。
It contains not less than 2.0 per cent (ml/g) of volatile oil.

细辛脂素 Asarinin

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography〈0512〉.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以水为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；柱温40℃，检测波长为287nm。理论板数按细辛脂素峰计算应不低于10000。

时间（分钟）
流动相A（%）
流动相B（%）

0～20
20～26 50
50→100 50
50→0

对照品溶液的制备
取细辛脂素对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含50μg的溶液，即得。

饮片 Prepared slices

细辛 Manchurian Wildginger

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，喷淋清水，稍润，切段，阴干。
Eliminate foreign matter, spray with water, soften briefly, cut into sections and dry in the shade.

本品呈不规则的段。根茎呈不规则圆形，外表皮灰棕色，有时可见环形的节。根细，表面灰黄色，平滑或具纵皱纹。切面黄白色或白色。气辛香，味辛辣、麻舌。
In irregular sections. Rhizome irregular rounded, externally greyish-brown, sometimes with ringed nodes. Root slender, externally greyish-brown, smooth or longitudinally wrinkled. Cut surface yellowish-white or white. Odour, pungent and aromatic； taste, pungent and with a tongue-numbing feeling.

检查 Examination

总灰分 Total ash

同药材，不得过8.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 8.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

（除根横切面外） 【检查】（马兜铃酸I限量） 【浸出物】 【含量测定】 同药材。
Same as the crude drug, except for the transverse section.【Limit of aristolochic acid I】 【Extractives】 【Assay】 Same as the crude drug.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

辛，温。归心、肺、肾经。
Warm； pungent. Heart, lung and kidney meridians.

功能与主治 Actions

解表散寒，祛风止痛，通窍，温肺化饮。用于风寒感冒，头痛，牙痛，鼻塞流涕，鼻鼽，鼻渊，风湿痹痛，痰饮喘咳。
To release the exterior, dissipate cold, dispel wind, relieve pain, open the orifices, warm the lung and resolve fluid retention. Used for common cold caused by wind-cold, headache, toothache, stuffy and runny nose, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, painful bi disorder caused by wind-dampness, wheezing and cough caused by phlegm-fluid retention.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

1～3g。散剂每次服0.5～1g。外用适量。
1-3 g. Powder administration: 0.5-1 g per time. Appropriate amount for topical application.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

不宜与藜芦同用。
Incompatible with Veratri Nigri Radix et Rhizoma.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Preserve in a cool and dry place.