半夏

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为天南星科植物半夏Pinellia ternata（Thunb.） Breit.的干燥块茎。夏、秋二季采挖，洗净，除去外皮和须根，晒干。
Pinellia Rhizome is the dried rhizome of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (Fam. Araceae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn, washed clean, the outer skin removed, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈类球形，有的稍偏斜，直径0.7～1.6cm。表面白色或浅黄色，顶端有凹陷的茎痕，周围密布麻点状根痕；下面钝圆，较光滑。质坚实，断面洁白，富粉性。气微，味辛辣、麻舌而刺喉。
Rhizomes nearly globose, slightly oblique, 0.7-1.6 cm in diameter. Surface white or pale yellow, with a concave stem scar at the top, densely covered with warty root scars around; base rounded, relatively smooth. Texture hard and solid, fracture white and clean, rich in starch. Odour, slight; taste, pungent, causing numbness of the tongue and a sensation of prickling in the throat.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末类白色。淀粉粒甚多，单粒类圆形、半圆形或圆多角形，直径2～20μm，脐点裂缝状、人字状或星状；复粒由2～6分粒组成。草酸钙针晶束存在于椭圆形黏液细胞中，或随处散在，针晶长20～144μm。螺纹导管直径10～24μm。
(1) The powder is white. Numerous starch grains are present, single grains are round, semi-round or polygonal, measuring 2-20 μm in diameter, with cleft, cruciate or star-shaped hilum; compound grains consist of 2-6 components. Bundles of calcium oxalate needles are present in elliptical mucilage cells or scattered throughout, the needles measuring 20-144 μm in length. Spiral vessels have a diameter of 10-24 μm.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加甲醇10ml，加热回流30分钟，滤过，滤液挥至0.5ml，作为供试品溶液。另取精氨酸对照品、丙氨酸对照品、缬氨酸对照品、亮氨酸对照品，加70%甲醇制成每1ml各含1mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液5μl、对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（8∶3∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以茚三酮试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) To 1g of the powder add 10 ml of methanol, heat under reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to 0.5 ml as the test solution. Prepare a mixed solution containing 1 mg of each of the following reference substances, namely, L-arginine, L-alanine, L-leucine and L-isoleucine, in 70% methanol as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using n-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water (8:3:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5 μl of the test solution and 1 μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of ninhydrin, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

（3）取本品粉末1g，加乙醇10ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液浓缩至0.5ml，作为供试品溶液。另取半夏对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-乙酸乙酯-丙酮-甲酸（30∶6∶4∶0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(3) To 1g of the powder add 10 ml of ethanol, heat under reflux for 1 hour, filter, and concentrate the filtrate to 0.5 ml as the test solution. Prepare a solution of the reference drug, Pinellia Rhizome, in the same manner as the test solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using petroleum ether (60-90°C)-ethyl acetate-acetone-formic acid (30:6:4:0.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过4.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，不得少于7.5%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, not less than 7.5 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

生半夏 Raw Pinellia Rhizome

炮制 Processing

用时捣碎。
Crush raw Pinellia Tuber when used.

性状 Morphological characteristics

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

性 Property

温；有毒。
Warm; toxic.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、胃、肺经。
Belongs to the spleen, stomach, and lung meridians.

功能 Actions

燥湿化痰，降逆止呕，消痞散结。
To dry dampness and transform phlegm, descend counterflow and stop vomiting, and disperse accumulation and resolve masses.

主治 Indications

用于湿痰寒痰，咳喘痰多，痰饮眩悸，风痰眩晕，痰厥头痛，呕吐反胃，胸脘痞闷，梅核气；外治痈肿痰核。
Used for damp phlegm, cold phlegm, cough with abundant phlegm, phlegm-dampness causing dizziness and palpitations, wind-phlegm causing dizziness and vertigo, phlegm-stagnation causing headache, vomiting and regurgitation, chest and epigastric stuffiness, plum pit qi; externally used for carbuncle and swelling with phlegm nodules.

用量 Dosage

内服一般炮制后使用，3～9g。
Generally used after processing, 3-9 g.

用法 Administration

外用适量，磨汁涂或研末以酒调敷患处。
For external use, apply an appropriate amount of juice or powder mixed with alcohol to the affected area.

注意 Precautions

不宜与川乌、制川乌、草乌、制草乌、附子同用；生品内服宜慎。
Avoid concomitant use with Aconitum carmichaelii, processed Aconitum carmichaelii, Aconitum kusnezoffii, processed Aconitum kusnezoffii, and Aconitum. Be cautious when taking raw Pinellia Tuber internally.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth.

半夏

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为天南星科植物半夏Pinellia ternata（Thunb.）Breit.的干燥块茎。夏、秋二季采挖，洗净，除去外皮和须根，晒干。
Pinellia Tuber is the dried tuber of Pineillia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (Fam. Araceae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn, washed clean, removed from the outer bark and fibrous root, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈类球形，有的稍偏斜，直径1～1.5cm，表面白色或浅黄色，顶端有凹陷的茎痕，周围密布麻点状根痕；下面钝圆，较光滑。质坚实，断面洁白，富粉性。气微，味辛辣、麻舌而刺喉。
Subspheroidal, some slightly oblique, 1- 1.5 cm in diameter. Externally white or pale yellow, apex with a dented stem scar, densely surrounded by pocked and dotted root scars, base obtuse and rounded, relatively smooth. Texture hard, fracture white and starchy. Odour, slight； taste, pungent, with numbing and irritating sensation.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末类白色。淀粉粒甚多，单粒类圆形、半圆形或圆多角形，直径2～20µm，脐点裂缝状、人字状或星状；复粒由2～6分粒组成。草酸钙针晶束存在于椭圆形黏液细胞中，或随处散在，针晶长20～144µm。螺纹导管直径10～24µm。
（2）取本品粉末1g，加甲醇10ml，加热回流30分钟，滤过，滤液挥至0.5ml，作为供试品溶液。另取精氨酸对照品、丙氨酸对照品、缬氨酸对照品、亮氨酸对照品，加70%甲醇制成每1ml各含1mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液5µl、对照品溶液1µl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（8：3：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以茚三酮试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过14.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 14.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过4.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，不得少于9.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble extractives <2201, the cold maceration method>, not less than 9.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约5g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，加乙醇50ml，加热回流1小时，同上操作，再重复提取2次，放冷，滤过，合并滤液，蒸干，残渣精密加入氢氧化钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）10ml，超声处理（功率500W，频率40kHz）30分钟，转移至50ml量瓶中，加新沸过的冷水至刻度，摇匀，精密量取25ml，照电位滴定法（通则0701）测定，用盐酸滴定液（0.1mol/L）滴定，并将滴定的结果用空白试验校正。每1ml氢氧化钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）相当于5.904mg的琥珀酸（C4H6O4）。
本品按干燥品计算，含总酸以琥珀酸（C4H6O4）计，不得少于0.25%。

饮片 Prepared slices

半夏 Pinellia Tuber

炮制 Processing

生半夏
用时捣碎。

性 Property

辛、温；有毒。
Warm； pungent； toxic.

味 Flavor

辛辣、麻舌而刺喉。
Pungent, with numbing and irritating sensation.

归经 Meridian tropism

脾、胃、肺经。
Spleen, stomach and lung meridians.

功能 Actions

燥湿化痰，降逆止呕，消痞散结。
To dry dampness, resolve phlegm, downbear counterflow, stop vomiting, disperse stuffiness and dissipate bind.

主治 Indications

用于湿痰寒痰，咳喘痰多，痰饮眩悸，风痰眩晕，痰厥头痛，呕吐反胃，胸脘痞闷，梅核气；外治痈肿痰核。
Dampness-phlegm, cold-phlegm, panting, cough, profuse sputum, dizziness and palpitation caused by phlegm-fluid retention, dizziness caused by wind-phlegm, phlegm syncope, headache, vomiting, regurgitation, chest and epigastric stuffiness and fullness, and plum-pit qi. Topical application： Swelling abscess and phlegm nodule.

用量 Dosage

内服一般炮制后使用，3～9g。外用适量，磨汁涂或研末以酒调敷患处。
Generally processed before oral administration, 3-9 g. Appropriate amount for topical application, ground into juice or powder and mixed with liquor and applied to the pars affecta.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

不宜与川乌、制川乌、草乌、制草乌、附子同用；生品内服宜慎。
Incompatible with Aconiti Radix, Aconiti Radix cocta, Aconiti kusnezoffii Radix, Aconiti kusnezoffii Radix cocta, and Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata. Unprocessed one should be used cautiously for oral administration.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, and protect from moth.