山楂

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蔷薇科植物山里红Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. Major N. E. Br.或山楂Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时采收，切片，干燥。
Hawthorn Fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br. or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. (Fam. Rosaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is ripe, sliced, and dried.

性状 Description

本品为圆形片，皱缩不平，直径1～2.5cm，厚0.2～0.4cm。外皮红色，具皱纹，有灰白色小斑点。果肉深黄色至浅棕色。中部横切片具5粒浅黄色果核，但核多脱落而中空。有的片上可见短而细的果梗或花萼残迹。气微清香，味酸、微甜。
Slices circular, unevenly wrinkled, 1-2.5 cm in diameter, 0.2-0.4 cm thick. Externally reddish-brown, with wrinkles and small grayish-white spots. Flesh deep yellow to light brown. Transverse section of the middle part with 5 pale yellow stone cells, but many of them are hollow due to the loss of the kernel. Some slices with short and fine pedicels or remnants of calyx. Odour, slightly fragrant; taste, sour and slightly sweet.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末暗红棕色至棕色。石细胞单个散在或成群，无色或淡黄色，类多角形、长圆形或不规则形，直径19～125μm，孔沟及层纹明显，有的胞腔内含深棕色物。果皮表皮细胞表面观呈类圆形或类多角形，壁稍厚，胞腔内常含红棕色或黄棕色物。草酸钙方晶或簇晶存于果肉薄壁细胞中。
(1) The powder is dark reddish-brown to brown. Stone cells are scattered or in groups, colourless or pale yellow, polygonal, elongated or irregular in shape, with a diameter of 19-125 μm. Pits and striations are obvious, and some cell cavities contain dark brown substances. Epidermal cells of the fruit peel are observed to be circular or polygonal, with slightly thickened walls, and the cell cavities often contain reddish-brown or yellowish-brown substances. Calcium oxalate prisms or cluster crystals are present in the thin-walled cells of the fruit flesh.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙酸乙酯4ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取熊果酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（20∶4∶0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以硫酸乙醇溶液（3→10），在80℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的紫红色斑点；置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视，显相同的橙黄色荧光斑点。
(2) Take 1 g of the powder, add 4 ml of ethyl acetate, and sonicate for 15 minutes. Filter and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take ursolic acid CRS, add methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (20:4:0.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 4 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of ethanol sulfuric acid (3→10), heat at 80°C to the spots clear. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（通则2321原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定，铅不得过5mg/kg；镉不得过1mg/kg；砷不得过2mg/kg；汞不得过0.2mg/kg；铜不得过20mg/kg。
Determine according to the method for determination of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and copper <2321, atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry>. The lead content should not exceed 5mg/kg; the cadmium content should not exceed 1mg/kg; the arsenic content should not exceed 2mg/kg; the mercury content should not exceed 0.2mg/kg; the copper content should not exceed 20mg/kg.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于21.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201, the hot maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 21.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

取本品细粉约1g，精密称定，精密加入水100ml，室温下浸泡4小时，时时振摇，滤过。精密量取续滤液25ml，加水50ml，加酚酞指示液2滴，用氢氧化钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）滴定，即得。每1ml氢氧化钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）相当于6.404mg的枸橼酸（C6H8O7）。
Take about 1g of the powder of this product, accurately weigh, accurately add 100ml of water, soak at room temperature for 4 hours, shake from time to time, and filter. Accurately take 25ml of the filtrate, add 50ml of water, add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, and titrate with sodium hydroxide titration solution (0.1mol/L). Each 1ml of sodium hydroxide titration solution (0.1mol/L) is equivalent to 6.404mg of citric acid (C6H8O7).

本品按干燥品计算，含有机酸以枸橼酸（C6H8O7）计，不得少于5.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of organic acids, calculated as citric acid (C6H8O7), should not be less than 5.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

净山楂 Cleaned Hawthorn

炮制 Processing

除去杂质及脱落的核。
Remove impurities and fallen seeds from the hawthorn.

炒山楂 Stir-fried Hawthorn

炮制 Processing

取净山楂，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至色变深。
Take the cleaned hawthorn and stir-fry it according to the method of stir-frying <0213> until it turns dark.

性状 Description

本品形如山楂片，果肉黄褐色，偶见焦斑。气清香，味酸、微甜。
This product is shaped like hawthorn slices, with yellow-brown flesh and occasional scorched spots. It is fragrant, sour and slightly sweet in flavour.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含有机酸以枸橼酸（C6H8O7）计，不得少于4.0%。
Same as the crude drug, containing organic acid as citric acid (C6H8O7), not less than 4.0%.

焦山楂 Charred Hawthorn

炮制 Processing

取净山楂，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至表面焦褐色，内部黄褐色。
Take clean hawthorn, according to the method of stir-frying (Tongzhi 0213), stir-fry until the surface is burnt brown and the interior is yellowish brown.

性状 Description

本品形如山楂片，表面焦褐色，内部黄褐色。有焦香气。
This product is shaped like hawthorn slices, with burnt brown surface and yellowish brown interior. It has burnt aroma.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含有机酸以枸橼酸（C6H8O7）计，不得少于4.0%。
Same as the crude drug, containing organic acid as citric acid (C6H8O7), not less than 4.0%.

性 Property

微温。
Slightly warm.

味 Flavor

酸、甘。
Sour, sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、胃、肝经。
Spleen, stomach, and liver meridians.

功能 Actions

消食健胃，行气散瘀，化浊降脂。
Promote digestion and invigorate the stomach, promote qi circulation and dispel stasis, resolve turbidity and reduce lipid.

主治 Indications

用于肉食积滞，胃脘胀满，泻痢腹痛，瘀血经闭，产后瘀阻，心腹刺痛，胸痹心痛，疝气疼痛，高脂血症。焦山楂消食导滞作用增强。用于肉食积滞，泻痢不爽。
Used for meat stagnation, distension and fullness in the epigastrium, diarrhea, abdominal pain, blood stasis amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis, stabbing pain in the abdomen, chest pain, hernia pain, hyperlipidemia. The digestive and stagnation-relieving effect of charred hawthorn is enhanced. Used for meat stagnation and unsatisfactory diarrhea.

用量 Dosage

9～12g。
9-12 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth.

山楂

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蔷薇科植物山里红*Cralaegus pinnatifida.Bge.var.major N.E.Br.或山楂Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.*的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时采收，切片，干燥。
Hawthorn Fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var major N. E Br., or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. (Fam. Rosaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when ripe, cut into slices, and dried.

性状 Description

本品为圆形片，皱缩不平，直径1～2.5cm，厚0.2～0.4cm。外皮红色，具皱纹，有灰白色小斑点。果肉深黄色至浅棕色。中部横切片具5粒浅黄色果核，但核多脱落而中空。有的片上可见短而细的果梗或花萼残迹。气微清香，味酸、微甜。
Rounded slices, shrunken and uneven, 1- 2.5 cm in diameter, 2-4 mm thick. Externally red, wrinkled, with small greyish-white spots. Pulp dark yellow to pale brown. Transverse slices of the middle part showing 5 pale yellow kerns, mostly fallen off, and loculi hollowed. Some slices exhibiting a slender fruit stalk or remains of calyx. Odour, slightly aromatic；taste, sour and slightly sweet.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末暗红棕色至棕色。石细胞单个散在或成群，无色或淡黄色，类多角形、长圆形或不规则形，直径19～125μm，孔沟及层纹明显，有的胞腔内含深棕色物。果皮表皮细胞表面观呈类圆形或类多角形，壁稍厚，胞腔内常含红棕色或黄棕色物。草酸钙方晶或簇晶存于果肉薄壁细胞中。
（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙酸乙酯4ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取熊果酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（20：4：0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以硫酸乙醇溶液（3→10），在80℃下加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的紫红色斑点：置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视，显相同的橙黄色荧光斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（通则2321 原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定，铅不得过5mg/kg；镉不得过O.3mg/kg；砷不得过2mg/kg；汞不得过0.2mg/kg，铜不得过20mg/kg。
Carry out the methods for determinations of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper<2321, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry>, not more than 5 mg per kg of lead, 0.3 mg per kg of cadmium, 2 mg per kg of arsenic, 0.2 mg per kg of mercury and 20 mg per kg of copper.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于21.0%。
Carry out the hot extraction method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives<2201>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 21.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

取本品细粉约1g，精密称定，精密加入水100ml，室温下浸泡4小时，时时振摇，滤过。精密量取续滤液25ml，加水50ml，加酚酞指示液2滴，用氢氧化钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）滴定，即得。每1m氢氧化钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）相当于6.404mg的枸橼酸（C6H8O7）。
本品按干燥品计算，含有机酸以枸橼酸（C6H8O7）计，不得少于5.0%。

饮片 Prepared slices

山楂 Hawthorn Fruit

炮制 Processing

净山楂 除去杂质及脱落的核。
炒山楂

本品形如山楂片，果肉黄褐色，偶见焦斑。气清香，味酸、微甜。
Description Similar to Crataegi Fructus slices in shape, pulp yellow-brown, charred spots occasionally visible. Odour, slightly aromatic；taste, sour and slightly sweet.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含有机酸以枸橼酸（C6H8O7）计，不得少于4.0%。
It contains not less than 4.0 per cent of organic acids, following the method for crude drug, calculated as citric (C6H8O7).

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

焦山楂 Charred Hawthorn Fruit

炮制 Processing

取净山楂，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至表面焦褐色，内部黄褐色。
Crataegi Fructus (charred) Stir-bake the clean Crataegi Fructus as described under the method for simple stir-baking<0213>until it becomes burnt-brown externally and yellowish-brown internally.

本品形如山楂片，表面焦褐色，内部黄褐色。有焦香气。
Description Similar to Crataegi Fructus slices in shape, surface burnt-brown, internal yellow-brown. Odour, slightly aromatic.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含有机酸以枸橼酸（C6H8O7）计，不得少于4.0%。
It contains not less than 4.0 per cent of organic acids, following the method for crude drug, calculated as citric (C6H8O7).

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

酸、甘，微温。归脾、胃、肝经。
Mild warm； sour, sweet. Spleen, stomach and liver meridians.

功能与主治 Actions

消食健胃，行气散瘀，化浊降脂。用于肉食积滞，胃脘胀满，泻痢腹痛，瘀血经闭，产后瘀阻，心腹刺痛，胸痹心痛，疝气疼痛，高脂血症。焦山楂消食导滞作用增强。用于肉食积滞，泻痢不爽。
To promote digestion, invigorate the stomach, move qi, dissipate stasis, resolve turbidity and lower lipid. Meat food reteation, distention and fullness in the epigastrium, abdominal pain caused by diarrhea and dysentery, blood-stasis amenorrhea, postpartum stasis and obstruction, stabbing pain in the heart and abdomen, chest stuffiness and pains, pain caused by genital disease, and hyperlipidemia. Scorch-fried Crataegi Fructus is better at promoting digestion and remove food stagnation, it can be applied for meat food retention, ungratifying diarrhea and dysentery.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

9～12g。
9-12 g.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, and protect from moth.