山药

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为薯蓣科植物薯蓣Dioscorea opposita Thunb.的干燥根茎。冬季茎叶枯萎后采挖，切去根头，洗净，除去外皮和须根，干燥，习称“毛山药”；或除去外皮，趁鲜切厚片，干燥，称为“山药片”；也有选择肥大顺直的干燥山药，置清水中，浸至无干心，闷透，切齐两端，用木板搓成圆柱状，晒干，打光，习称“光山药"。
Chinese Yam Rhizome is the dried rhizome of Dioscorea opposita Thunb. (Fam. Dioscoreaceae). The drug is collected in winter after the stems and leaves wither, removed from the root head, washed, peeled, and dried, known as "Mao Shanyao"; or peeled and cut into thick slices while fresh, and dried, known as "Shanyao Pian"; or selected large and straight dried yam, soaked in clear water until there is no dry heart, steamed until thoroughly cooked, cut evenly at both ends, rubbed into cylindrical shape with a wooden board, dried, and polished, known as "Guang Shanyao".

性状 Description

毛山药　本品略呈圆柱形，弯曲而稍扁，长15～30cm，直径1.5～6cm。表面黄白色或淡黄色，有纵沟、纵皱纹及须根痕，偶有浅棕色外皮残留。体重，质坚实，不易折断，断面白色，粉性。气微，味淡、微酸，嚼之发黏。
Mao Shanyao is slightly cylindrical, curved and slightly flattened, 15-30 cm long, 1.5-6 cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish-white or pale yellow, with longitudinal grooves, wrinkles, and root marks, occasionally with residual light brown outer skin. The texture is heavy and solid, not easily broken, and the cross-section is white and powdery. It has a slight odor, a mild and slightly sour taste, and becomes sticky when chewed.

山药片　为不规则的厚片，皱缩不平，切面白色或黄白色，质坚脆，粉性。气微，味淡、微酸。
Shanyao Pian is irregularly thick, wrinkled and uneven, with a white or yellowish-white cut surface, firm and brittle texture, and powdery. It has a slight odor, a mild and slightly sour taste.

光山药　呈圆柱形，两端平齐，长9~18cm，直径1.5～3cm。表面光滑，白色或黄白色。
Guang Shanyao is cylindrical, with both ends flat, 9-18 cm long, and 1.5-3 cm in diameter. The surface is smooth, white or yellowish-white.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末类白色。淀粉粒单粒扁卵形、三角状卵形、类圆形或矩圆形，直径8～35μm，脐点点状、人字状、十字状或短缝状，可见层纹；复粒稀少，由2～3分粒组成。草酸钙针晶束存在于黏液细胞中，长约至240μm，针晶粗2～5μm。具缘纹孔导管、网纹导管、螺纹导管及环纹导管直径12～48μm。
(1) The powder of this drug is white. Starch granules are single, flat-ovate, triangular-ovate, round or rectangular, with a diameter of 8-35μm. The hilum is dot-shaped, herringbone-shaped, cross-shaped, or short slit-shaped, with visible layers; compound granules are rare and composed of 2-3 granules. Calcium oxalate needle crystals exist in mucous cells, with a length of about 240μm and a thickness of 2-5μm. It has marginate pore canals, reticulate vessels, spiral vessels, and annular vessels with a diameter of 12-48μm.

（2）取本品粉末4g，加乙醇30ml，超声提取30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加乙醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取山药对照药材4g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲醇-浓氨试液（9∶1∶0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) Take 4g of the powder, add 30ml of ethanol, extract by ultrasonication for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1ml of ethanol as the test solution. Take 4g of the reference drug Shanyao, and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-concentrated ammonia solution (9:1:0.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

毛山药和光山药不得过16.0%；山药片不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 16.0 per cent for Dioscorea opposita and Dioscorea bulbifera; not more than 12.0 per cent for processed Dioscorea opposita <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

毛山药和光山药不得过4.0%；山药片不得过 5.0%（通则 2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent for Dioscorea opposita and Dioscorea bulbifera; not more than 5.0 per cent for processed Dioscorea opposita <2302>.

二氧化硫残留量 Sulfur dioxide residue

照二氧化硫残留量测定法（通则2331）测定，毛山药和光山药不得过400mg/kg；山药片不得过10mg/kg。
Carry out the method for determination of sulfur dioxide residue <2331>, not more than 400 mg/kg for Dioscorea opposita and Dioscorea bulbifera; not more than 10 mg/kg for processed Dioscorea opposita.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，毛山药和光山药不得少于7.0%；山药片不得少于10.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble extractives <2201>, the cold maceration method, not less than 7.0 per cent for Dioscorea opposita and Dioscorea bulbifera; not less than 10.0 per cent for processed Dioscorea opposita.

饮片 Prepared slices

山药 Dioscorea opposita

炮制 Processing

取毛山药或光山药除去杂质，分开大小个，泡润至透，切厚片，干燥。
Take Dioscorea opposita or Dioscorea bulbifera, remove impurities, separate into different sizes, soak until transparent, cut into thick slices, and dry.

性状 Appearance

本品为类圆形、椭圆形或不规则的厚片。表面类白色或淡黄白色，质脆，易折断，切面类白色，富粉性。气 微，味淡、微酸，嚼之发黏。
This product is thick slices that are round, oval, or irregular in shape. The surface is pale white or light yellowish-white, brittle, easy to break, and the cut surface is white with abundant powder. It has a slight aroma, a mild and slightly sour taste, and becomes sticky when chewed.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于4.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not less than 4.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

山药片 Processed Dioscorea opposita

炮制 Processing

取山药片，除去杂质。
Take slices of yam and remove the impurities.

性状 Appearance

本品为不规则的厚片，皱缩不平，切面白色或黄白色，质坚脆，粉性。气微，味淡、微酸。
This product is irregular thick slices with wrinkled and uneven surface. The cut surface is white or yellowish-white, and the texture is hard and brittle with a powdery nature. It has a slight aroma, a mild and slightly sour taste.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

麸炒山药 Stir-fried Dioscorea opposita with bran

炮制 Processing

取毛山药片或光山药片，照麸炒法（通则 0213）炒至黄色。
Take Dioscorea opposita or Dioscorea bulbifera, stir-fry with bran until yellow.

性状 Appearance

本品形如毛山药片或光山药片，切面黄白色或微黄色，偶见焦斑，略有焦香气。
This product is similar to the slices of Dioscorea opposita or Dioscorea bulbifera. The cut surface is yellowish-white or slightly yellow, with occasional scorch marks and a slight aroma of scorching.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过12.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 12.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

二氧化硫残留量 Sulfur dioxide residue

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于4.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not less than 4.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、肺、肾经。
Affinity to the spleen, lung, and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

补脾养胃，生津益肺，补肾涩精。
Tonify the spleen and nourish the stomach, generate fluids and benefit the lungs, tonify the kidneys and secure essence.

主治 Indications

用于脾虚食少，久泻不止，肺虚喘咳，肾虚遗精，带下，尿频，虚热消渴。麸炒山药补脾健胃。用于脾虚食少，泄泻便溏，白带过多。
Used for spleen deficiency with reduced food intake, chronic diarrhea, lung deficiency with wheezing and coughing, kidney deficiency with spermatorrhea, excessive leukorrhea, frequent urination, and deficiency heat with polydipsia. Stir-fried Dioscorea opposita with bran tonifies the spleen and strengthens the stomach. Used for spleen deficiency with reduced food intake, diarrhea with loose stools, and excessive leukorrhea.

用量 Dosage

15～30g。
15-30 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth damage.

山药

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为薯蓣科植物薯蓣Dioscotea opposita Thunb.的干燥根茎。冬季茎叶枯萎后采挖，切去根头，洗净，除去外皮和须根，干燥，习称“毛山药片[1]”；或除去外皮，趁鲜切厚片，干燥，称为“山药片”；也有选择肥大顺直的干燥山药，置清水中，浸至无干心，闷透，切齐两端，用木板搓成圆柱状，晒干，打光，习称“光山药”。
Common Yam Rhizome is the dried rhizome of Dioscorea opposita Thunb. (Fam. Dioscoreaceae). The drug is collected in winter when the stem and leaves are withered, cut off root stock, washed clean and peeled outer bark and fibrous roots, and then dried, it is known as "Mao Shanyao" peeled outer bark and cut into thick slices while fresh and dried, it is known as "Shanyao Pian". Alternatively, the large, straight and dried rhizome is sorted, soaked in clean water until no dry core visible and softened thoroughly, cut two ends to smooth plane and rubbed on a board to become cylindrical in shape, dried in the sun and finally polished, it is known as "Guang Shanyao" (Polished Common Yam Rhizome).

性状 Description

毛山药 本品略呈圆柱形，弯曲而稍扁，长15～30cm，直径1.5～6cm。表面黄白色或淡黄色，有纵沟、纵皱纹及须根痕，偶有浅棕色外皮残留。体重，质坚实，不易折断，断面白色，粉性。气微，味淡、微酸，嚼之发黏。
Mao Shanyao Subcylindrieal, curved or somewhat flattened, 15-30 cm long, 1. 5-6 cm in diameter. Externally yellowish-white or pale yellow, longitudinally furrowed and wrinkled, and bearing fibrous root scars, occasionally with patches of brownish cork. Texture heavy, compact and tough; uneasily broken, fracture white and starchy. Odour, slight; taste, weak, slightly sour, and viscous on chewing.

山药片 为不规则的厚片，皱缩不平，切面白色或黄白色，质坚脆，粉性。气微，味淡、微酸。
Shanyao Pian Irregular thick slice. Shrunk and uneven. Fracture white or yellowish-white. Texture hard, starchy. Odour, slight; taste, weak and slightly sour.

光山药呈圆柱形，两端平齐，长9～18cm，直径1.5～3cm。表面光滑，白色或黄白色。
Guang Shanyao Cylindrical. the two ends even, 9-18 cm long, 1. 5-3 cm in diameter, externally smooth, white or yellowish-white.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末类白色。淀粉粒单粒扁卵形、三角状卵形、类圆形或矩圆形，直径8～35μm，脐点点状、人字状、十字状或短缝状，可见层纹；复粒稀少，由2～3分粒组成。草酸钙针晶束存在于黏液细胞中，长约至240μm，针晶粗2～5μm。具缘纹孔导管、网纹导管、螺纹导管及环纹导管直径12～48μm。
（2）取本品粉末5g，加二氯甲烷30ml，加热回流2小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加二氯甲烷1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取山药对照药材5g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲醇-浓氨试液（9：1：0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%磷钼酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

(2) To 5 g of the powder, add 30 ml of dichloromethane, heat under reflux for 2 hours and filter. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of dichloromethane as the test solution. Prepare a solution of 5 g of Dioscoreae Rhizoma reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica agel G as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate, methanol and ammonia concentrated TS (9 : 1: 0. 5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 4 μl of each of the above two solutions to the plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol, heat at 105℃ to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

毛山药和光山药不得过16.0%；山药片不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 16.0 per cent for Mao Shanyao and Guang Shanyao, not more than 12.0 per cent for Shanyao Pian <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

毛山药和光山药不得过4.0%；山药片不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent for Mao Shanyao and Guang Shanyao, not more than 5.0 per cent for Shanyao Pian <2302>.

二氧化硫残留量 Residue of sulfur dioxide

照二氧化硫残留量测定法（通则2331）测定，毛山药和光山药不得过400mg/kg；山药片不得过10mg/kg。
Carry out the method for determination of residue of sulfur dioxide <2331>, not more than 400 mg/kg for Mao Shanyao and Guang Shanyao, not more than 10 mg/kg for Shanyao Pian.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，毛山药和光山药不得少于7.0%；山药片不得少于10.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble extractives <2201> , the cold maceration method), not less than 7.0 per cent for Mao Shanyao and Guang Shanyao, not less than 10.0 per cent for Shanyao Pian.

饮片 Prepared slices

山药 Common Yam

炮制 Processing

取毛山药或光山药除去杂质，分开大小个，泡润至透，切厚片，干燥。切片者呈类圆形的厚片。表面类白色或淡黄白色，质脆，易折断，切面类白色，富粉性。
Dioscoreae Rhizoma Take Mao Shanyao or Guang Shanyao, eliminate foreign matter, grade according to size, soak and soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dried.

检查 Examination

总灰分 Total ash

同药材，不得过2.0%。
As required for the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于4.0%。
As required for the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

（水分、二氧化硫残留量）同药材。
Water and Residue of sulfur dioxide As required for the crude drug.

山药片 取山药片，除去杂质。为不规则的厚片，皱缩不平，切面白色或黄白色，质坚脆，粉性。气微，味淡、微酸。
Shanyao Pian Take Shanyao Pian, eliminate foreign matter. Irregular thick slice. Shrunk and uneven. Fracture white or yellowish-white. Texture hard, starchy. Odour, slight; taste, weak and slightly sour.

鉴别 Identification

（检查、浸出物）同药材。
Water, Total ash, Residue of sulfur dioxide and Extractives As required for the crude drug.

麩炒山药 取毛山药片或光山药片，照麸炒法（通则0213）炒至黄色。
Dioscoreae Rhizoma (stir-baked with bran) Stir-bake Mao Shanyao Pian or Guang Shanyao Pian as described under the method for stir-baking with bran <0213> to yellowish.

本品形如毛山药片或光山药片，切面黄白色或微黄色，偶见焦斑，略有焦香气。
Identification As required for the crude drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过12.0%。
Not more than 12.0 per cent, following the method for the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于4.0%。
Not less than 4.0 per cent, following the method for the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

（总灰分、二氧化硫残留量）同药材。
Total ash and Residue of sulfur dioxide As required for the crude drug.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

甘，平。归脾、肺、肾经。
Neutral; sweet. Spleen, lung and kidney meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

补脾养胃，生津益肺，补肾涩精。用于脾虚食少，久泻不止，肺虚喘咳，肾虚遗精，带下，尿频，虚热消渴。麸炒山药补脾健胃。用于脾虚食少，泄泻便溏，白带过多。
To tonify spleen and stomach, engender fluids, nourish lung, tonify kidney and astringe essence. Spleen deficiency and reduced food intake, chronic diarrhea, dyspnea and cough caused by lung deficiency, seminal emission caused by kidney deficiency, abnormal vaginal discharge, frequent urination, deficiency heat and wasting-thirst. Bran-fried Dioscoreae Rhizoma can tonify spleen and invigorate the stomach to treat spleen deficiency and reduced food intake, diarrhea, sloppy stool, and profuse white vaginal discharge.

用法与用置 Administration and dosage

15～30g。
15-30 g.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, and protect from moth.