牵牛子

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)
中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》

Overview 概述

Pharbitis Seed is the dried mature seed of Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy or Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt (Fam. Convolvulaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is mature but the pericarp is not yet split, removed from the plant, dried in the sun, and the seeds are separated and impurities are removed.
本品为旋花科植物裂叶牵牛Pharbitis nil（L.）Choisy或圆叶牵牛Pharbitis purpurea（L.）Voigt的干燥成熟种子。秋末果实成熟、果壳未开裂时采割植株，晒干，打下种子，除去杂质。

Description 性状

Seeds resembling orange petals, 4-8 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; surface greyish-black or pale yellowish-white, with a shallow longitudinal groove on the back and a slightly concave point-shaped hilum at the lower end of the ventral ridge; texture hard; transverse section showing pale yellow or yellowish-green wrinkled and folded cotyledons, slightly oily. Odour, slight; taste, pungent, bitter, and tingling.
本品似橘瓣状，长4～8mm，宽3～5mm。表面灰黑色或淡黄白色，背面有一条浅纵沟，腹面棱线的下端有一点状种脐，微凹。质硬，横切面可见淡黄色或黄绿色皱缩折叠的子叶，微显油性。气微，味辛、苦，有麻感。

Identification 鉴别

(1) Take the drug, soak it in water, and the seed coat will crack. When kneaded by hand, it feels sticky and slippery.
（1）取本品，加水浸泡后种皮呈龟裂状，手捻有明显的黏滑感。

(2) The powder is pale yellowish-brown. The epidermal cells of the seed coat are dark brown, irregular in shape, and the walls are wavy. Non-glandular trichomes are single-celled, yellowish-brown, slightly curved, 50-240 μm long. There are secretory cavities in the cotyledon fragments, which are round or elliptical, with a diameter of 35-106 μm. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals have a diameter of 10-25 μm. Fragments of reticulate tissue and bright bands are sometimes visible.
（2）本品粉末淡黄棕色。种皮表皮细胞深棕色，形状不规则，壁波状。非腺毛单细胞，黄棕色，稍弯曲，长50～240μm。子叶碎片中有分泌腔，圆形或椭圆形，直径35～106μm。草酸钙簇晶直径10～25μm。栅状组织碎片和光辉带有时可见。

(3) Take 1g of the powder, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add an appropriate amount of petroleum ether (60-90°C), heat under reflux for 2 hours, discard the petroleum ether, evaporate the solvent from the residue, add a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (3:1) to extract for 6 hours, recover the solvent to 5ml, and use it as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug Pharbitis Seed and prepare a solution of the reference drug in the same way. Take caffeic acid CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of dichloromethane, methanol, and formic acid (93:9:4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10-20 μl of each of the test solution and the reference drug solution, and 3 μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of phosphomolybdic acid, heat at 110°C to the spots clear. The blue-black spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position to those in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.
（3）取本品粉末1g，置索氏提取器中，用石油醚（60～90℃）适量，加热回流提取2小时，弃去石油醚液，药渣挥干溶剂，加入二氯甲烷-甲醇（3∶1）混合溶液提取6小时，回收溶剂至5ml，作为供试品溶液。另取牵牛子对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取咖啡酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各10～20μl、对照品溶液3μl，分别点于同一高效硅胶G薄层板上，以二氯甲烷-甲醇-甲酸（93∶9∶4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以磷钼酸试液，在110℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的蓝黑色斑点。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.
不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。

Total ash 总灰分

Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过5.0%（通则2302）。

Extractives 浸出物

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 15.0 per cent.
照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于15.0%。

Prepared slices 饮片

Pharbitis Seed 牵牛子

Processing 炮制

Eliminate foreign matter, and crush before use.
除去杂质。用时捣碎。

Description 性状

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Identification 鉴别

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Examination 检查

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Extractives 浸出物

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

stir-fried pharbitis Seed 炒牵牛子

Processing 炮制

Take clean pharbitis seeds, according to the method of stir-frying (Tongzhi 0213), stir-fry until slightly bulging. Pound it when used.
取净牵牛子，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至稍鼓起。用时捣碎。

Description 性状

Seeds resembling Pharbitis Seed, blackish-brown or yellowish-brown on the surface, slightly swollen. Slightly aromatic.
本品形如牵牛子，表面黑褐色或黄棕色，稍鼓起。微具香气。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Same as the drug, not more than 8.0 per cent.
同药材，不得过8.0%。

Total ash 总灰分

Same as the drug.
同药材。

Extractives 浸出物

Same as the drug, not less than 12.0 per cent.
同药材，不得少于12.0%。

Identification 鉴别

(In addition to microscopic powder) Same as the drug.
（除显微粉末外）同药材。

Property 性

Cold.
寒。

Toxicity 毒

Toxic.
有毒。

Flavor 味

Bitter.
苦。

Meridian tropism 归经

Lung, Kidney, and Large Intestine meridians.
归肺、肾、大肠经。

Actions 功能

To promote diuresis and relieve constipation, resolve phlegm and clear fluid, kill parasites and eliminate accumulation.
泻水通便，消痰涤饮，杀虫攻积。

Indications 主治

Used for edema, abdominal distension, constipation, phlegm-fluid retention, rebellious qi, wheezing and coughing, and abdominal pain due to intestinal parasites.
用于水肿胀满，二便不通，痰饮积聚，气逆喘咳，虫积腹痛。

Dosage 用量

3-6 g.1.5～3g each time.
3～6g。每次1.5～3g。

Administration 用法

To be decocted for oral administration,
入丸散服。

Precautions 注意

Not to be used by pregnant women; not to be used together with Croton Seed and Croton Tiglium.
孕妇禁用；不宜与巴豆、巴豆霜同用。

Storage 贮藏

Preserve in a dry place.
置干燥处。

牵牛子

Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)
文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》

Overview 概述

Pharbitis Seed is the dried ripe seed of Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy or Pharbitis pupurea (L.) Voigt (Fam. Convolvulaceae). The plant is cut up in the late autumn when the fruit is ripe but not dehiscent, dried in the sun. The seed is tapped out, and removed from foreign matter.
本品为旋花科植物裂叶牵牛 Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy 或圆叶牵牛 Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt 的干燥成熟种子。秋未果实成熟，果壳未开裂时采割植株，晒干，打下种子，除去杂质。

Description 性状

Orange segment-shaped, 4-8mm long, 3-5mm wide. Externally greyish-black or yellowish-white. Dorsal side with 1 shallow longitudinal furrow and ventral side with a pointed and slightly dented hilum at the lower end of rib. Texture hard, in transverse section, pale yellow or yellowish-green crumpled and folded cotyledons visible, slightly oily. Odour, slight; taste, pungent, bitter and numb.
本品似橘瓣状，长4～8mm，宽3～5mm。表面灰黑色或淡黄白色，背面有一条浅纵沟，腹面棱线的下端有一点状种脐，微凹。质硬，横切面可见淡黄色或黄绿色皱缩折叠的子叶，微显油性。气微，味辛、苦，有麻感。

Identification 鉴别

(2)本品粉末淡黄棕色。种皮表皮细胞深棕色，形状不规则，壁波状。非腺毛单细胞，黄棕色，稍弯曲，长50～240μm。子叶碎片中有分泌腔，圆形或椭圆形，直径35～106μm。草酸钙簇晶直径10～25μm。栅状组织碎片和光辉带有时可见。
(1)取本品，加水浸泡后种皮呈龟裂状，手捻有明显的黏滑感。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.
不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。

Total ash 总灰分

Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过5.0%（通则2302）。

Extractives 浸出物

Carry out the cold maceration method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives (2201), using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 15.0 per cent.
照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于15.0%。

Prepared slices 饮片

Pharbitis Seed 牵牛子

Processing 炮制

Pharbitis Seed is processed by eliminating foreign matter. It should be broken into pieces before use.
牵牛子除去杂质。用时捣碎。

Description 性状

Description and Identification as required for the crude drug.
【鉴别】 【检查】 【浸出物】 同药材。

Stir-baked Pharbitis Seed 炒牵牛子

Stir-bake the clean Pharbitis Seed as described under the method for simple stir-baking<0213> to slightly inflated. It should be broken into pieces before use.
取净牵牛子，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至稍鼓起。用时捣碎。

Pharbitis Seed 本品

Similar to Pharbitis Seed in shape, externally blackish-brown or yellowish-brown, slightly inflated, with a weak scent.
本品形如牵牛子，表面黑褐色或黄棕色，稍鼓起。微具香气。

【浸出物】 同药材，不得少于12.0%。
【检查】 水分 同药材，不得过8.0%。

Property and Flavor 性味与归经

Cold; bitter; toxic. Meridian tropism: Lung, kidney, and large intestine meridians.
苦、寒；有毒。归肺、肾、大肠经。

Actions and Indications 功能与主治

To purge water, open the bowels, resolve phlegm and fluid retention, kill worms, and remove accumulation. It is used for edema distention, fullness, constipation, annuria, phlegm-fluid retention, abdominal masses, panting and cough caused by qi countflow, and abdominal pain caused by worm accumulation.
泻水通便，消痰涤饮，杀虫攻积。用于水肿胀满，二便不通，痰饮积聚，气逆喘咳，虫积腹痛。

Administration and Dosage 用法与用量

3-6 g. Used in pills or powder, 1.5-3g per time.
3～6g。入丸散服，每次1.5～3g。

Precautions 注意

Contraindicated for pregnant women. Incompatible with Crotonis Fructus and Semen Crotonis Pulveratum.
孕妇禁用；不宜与巴豆、巴豆霜同用。

Storage 贮藏

Preserve in a dry place.
置干燥处。