麝香

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为鹿科动物林麝Moschus berezovskii Flerov、马麝Moschus sifanicus Przewalski 或原麝Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus 成熟雄体香囊中的干燥分泌物。野麝多在冬季至次春猎取，猎获后，割取香囊，阴干，习称“毛壳麝香”；剖开香囊，除去囊壳，习称“麝香仁”。家麝直接从其香囊中取出麝香仁，阴干或用干燥器密闭干燥。
Musk is the dried secretion obtained from the mature male musk gland of Moschus berezovskii Flerov, Moschus sifanicus Przewalski or Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus (Fam. Cervidae). Wild musk is collected in winter to early spring, the musk gland is removed, dried in the shade, and called "mao ke shexiang"; the musk gland is opened, the shell is removed, and called "shexiang ren". Domestic musk is directly taken from the musk gland, dried in the shade or dried in a closed dryer.

性状 Description

毛壳麝香 musk sac

为扁圆形或类椭圆形的囊状体，直径3～7cm，厚2～4cm。开口面的皮革质，棕褐色，略平，密生白色或灰棕色短毛，从两侧围绕中心排列，中间有1小囊孔。另一面为棕褐色略带紫色的皮膜，微皱缩，偶显肌肉纤维，略有弹性，剖开后可见中层皮膜呈棕褐色或灰褐色，半透明，内层皮膜呈棕色，内含颗粒状、粉末状的麝香仁和少量细毛及脱落的内层皮膜(习称“银皮")。
Mao ke shexiang is a flattened round or oval-shaped sac, with a diameter of 3-7 cm and a thickness of 2-4 cm. The outer surface is leathery, brownish-brown, slightly flat, densely covered with white or gray-brown short hairs arranged around the center from both sides, with a small opening in the middle. The other side is a brownish-brown membrane with a slight purple color, slightly wrinkled and contracted, occasionally showing muscle fibers, slightly elastic. After being opened, the middle layer of the membrane is brownish-brown or grayish-brown, translucent, and the inner layer of the membrane is brown, containing granular or powdery musk and a small amount of fine hairs and shed inner layer of the membrane (called "yinpi").

麝香仁 musk kernel

野生者质软，油润，疏松；其中不规则圆球形或颗粒状者习称“当门子”，表面多呈紫黑色，油润光亮，微有麻纹，断面深棕色或黄棕色；粉末状者多呈棕褐色或黄棕色，并有少量脱落的内层皮膜和细毛。养殖者呈颗粒状、短条形或不规则的团块；表面不平，紫黑色或深棕色，显油性，微有光泽，并有少量毛和脱落的内层皮膜。气香浓烈而特异，味微辣、微苦带咸。
Shexiang ren of wild musk is soft, oily, and loose; irregular spherical or granular ones are called "dangmenzi", with a surface mostly purplish-black, oily and shiny, with slight hemp patterns, and a dark brown or yellowish-brown section; powdery ones are mostly brownish-brown or yellowish-brown, with a small amount of shed inner layer of the membrane and fine hairs. The cultivated ones are granular, short and irregularly shaped clusters; the surface is uneven, purplish-black or dark brown, oily, slightly shiny, with a small amount of hairs and shed inner layer of the membrane. It has a strong and distinctive aroma, with a slightly spicy, slightly bitter and salty taste.

鉴别 Identification

(1)取毛壳麝香用特制槽针从囊孔插入，转动槽针，提取麝香仁，立即检视，槽内的麝香仁应有逐渐膨胀高出槽面的现象，习称“冒槽”。麝香仁油润，颗粒疏松，无锐角，香气浓烈。不应有纤维等异物或异常气味。
(1) take the hairy shell musk with a special groove needle inserted from the capsule hole, turn the groove needle, extract musk kernel, immediately inspect the groove, the musk kernel should be gradually expanding the phenomenon higher than the groove surface, known as "bubble groove". Musk kernel oily, loose particles, no sharp corners, strong aroma. There should not be fibres and other foreign matter or abnormal smell.

(2)取麝香仁粉末少量，置手掌中，加水润湿，用手搓之能成团，再用手指轻揉即散，不应粘手、染手、顶指或结块。
(2) Take a small amount of musk kernel powder, placed in the palm of the hand, add water to moisten, rubbed with the hand can become a ball, and then rubbed gently with the fingers that is dispersed, should not stick to the hand, dyeing hand, top finger or lumps.

(3)取麝香仁少量，撒于炽热的坩埚中灼烧，初则迸裂，随即融化膨胀起泡似珠，香气浓烈四溢，应无毛、肉焦臭，无火焰或火星出现。灰化后，残渣呈白色或灰白色。
(3) take a small amount of musk kernel, sprinkled in a hot crucible burning, the first burst, then melted and swollen blisters like a bead, the aroma is strong and overflowing, should be hairless, meat burning odour, no flames or sparks appeared. After ashing, the residue is white or off-white.

(4)麝香仁粉末棕褐色或黄棕色。为无数无定形颗粒状物集成的半透明或透明团块，淡黄色或淡棕色；团块中包埋或散在有方形、柱状、八面体或不规则形的晶体；并可见圆形油滴，偶见毛和内皮层膜组织。
(4) Musk kernel powder brown or yellowish brown. For numerous amorphous granular material integrated translucent or transparent mass, light yellow or light brown; mass embedded or scattered with square, columnar, octahedral or irregularly shaped crystals; and see round oil droplets, occasionally see hairs and endothelial layer membrane tissue.

(5)取本品，照〔含量测定〕项下的方法试验，供试品色谱中应呈现与对照品色谱峰保留时间一致的色谱峰。
(5) Take this product, according to the method under [Content Determination], the chromatogram of the test product should present a chromatographic peak with the same retention time as the peak of the control product.

检查 Examination

本品不得检出动物组织、植物组织、矿物和其他掺伪物。不得有霉变。
This product shall not contain animal tissues, plant tissues, minerals, or other adulterants. Shall be free from mold.

干燥失重 Loss on drying

取本品约1g，精密称定，置五氧化二磷干燥器中，减压干燥至恒重，减失重量不得过35.0%（通则0831）。
Weigh accurately about 1g of the sample, place it in a desiccator containing phosphorus pentoxide, dry under reduced pressure until a constant weight is obtained, and the loss on drying shall not exceed 35.0 per cent <0831>.

总灰分 Total ash

取本品约0.2g，精密称定，照灰分测定法（通则2302）测定，按干燥品计算，不得过6.5%。
Weigh accurately about 0.2g of the sample, determine the total ash according to the method for determination of ash <2302>, and calculate on the dried basis. The total ash shall not exceed 6.5 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照气相色谱法（通则0521）测定。
Determine by gas chromatography <0521>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以苯基（50%）甲基硅酮（OV-17）为固定相，涂布浓度为2%；柱温200℃±10℃。理论板数按麝香酮峰计算应不低于1500。
Use phenyl (50%) methyl silicone (OV-17) as the stationary phase with a coating concentration of 2%; column temperature at 200℃±10℃. The theoretical number of plates calculated from the peak of muscone should not be less than 1500.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取麝香酮对照品适量，精密称定，加无水乙醇制成每1ml含1.5mg的溶液，即得。
Weigh accurately an appropriate amount of muscone reference substance, dissolve in anhydrous ethanol to obtain a solution containing 1.5mg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取〔检查〕干燥失重项下所得干燥品约0.2g，精密称定，精密加入无水乙醇2ml，密塞，振摇，放置1小时，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Weigh accurately about 0.2g of the dried sample obtained under the "Loss on drying" item, add precisely 2ml of anhydrous ethanol, seal tightly, shake, let stand for 1 hour, filter, and collect the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各2μl，注入气相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately aspirate 2μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the gas chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含麝香酮（C16H30O）不得少于2.0%。
Calculate on the dried basis. The content of muscone (C16H30O) shall not be less than 2.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

麝香 Musk

炮制 Processing

取毛壳麝香，除去囊壳，取出麝香仁，除去杂质，用时研碎。
Take musk from the musk sac, remove the sac, take out the musk kernel, remove impurities, and grind when used.

性状 Appearance

麝香仁 Musk kernel

野生者由当门子和散香组成。当门子呈不规则圆形或颗粒状，表面多呈紫黑色，油润光亮，微有麻纹，断面深棕色或黄棕色；散香呈粉末状，多呈棕褐色或黄棕色。质软，油润，疏松，气香浓烈而特异，味微辣，微苦带咸。养殖者呈颗粒状、短条形或不规则的团块；表面不平，紫黑色或深棕色，显油性，微有光泽。
Wild musk consists of musk pods and musk grains. Musk pods are irregularly round or granular, with a mostly purple-black surface that is oily and shiny, with slight hemp-like markings, and a deep brown or yellow-brown section. Musk grains are powdery, mostly brown or yellow-brown. The texture is soft, oily, and loose, with a strong and distinctive aroma, a slightly spicy taste, and a slightly bitter and salty flavor. Cultivated musk is in the form of granules, short strips, or irregular lumps; the surface is uneven, purple-black or dark brown, oily, and slightly glossy.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归心、脾经。
Belongs to the heart and spleen meridians.

功能 Actions

开窍醒神，活血通经，消肿止痛。
To open the orifices and revive the spirit, activate blood circulation and regulate menstruation, reduce swelling and relieve pain.

主治 Indications

用于热病神昏，中风痰厥，气郁暴厥，中恶昏迷，经闭，癥瘕，难产死胎，胸痹心痛，心腹暴痛，跌扑伤痛，痹痛麻木，痈肿瘰疬，咽喉肿痛。
Used for coma due to febrile diseases, stroke with phlegm and convulsions, qi stagnation and sudden turmoil, coma due to fright, amenorrhea, lumps and accumulations, difficult labor with stillbirth, chest pain and heartache, sudden abdominal pain, injuries from falls and blows, numbness and pain, carbuncles and swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat.

用量 Dosage

0.03~0.1g。
0.03-0.1g.

用法 Administration

多入丸散用。外用适量。
Often used in pill or powder form. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

注意 Precautions

孕妇禁用。
Not suitable for pregnant women.

贮藏 Storage

密闭，置阴凉干燥处，遮光，防潮，防蛀。
Store in a tightly sealed, cool and dry place, protected from light, moisture, and insects.

麝香

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为鹿科动物林麝Moschus berezovskii Flerov、马麝Moschus sifanicus Przewalski 或原麝Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus成熟雄体香囊中的干燥分泌物。野麝多在冬季至次春猎取，猎获后，割取香囊，阴干，习称“毛壳麝香”；剖开香囊，除去囊壳，习称“麝香仁”。家麝直接从其香囊中取出麝香仁，阴干或用干燥器密闭干燥。
Musk is the dried secretion of the musk sac of adult male Moschus berezouskii Flerov, Moschus sifanicus Przewalski or Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus (Fam.Cervidae). Usually the wild musk deer is hunted from winter to next spring. The musk sac is cut off, dried in air, which is known as "Maokeshexiang" (musk with hairy sac). The musk sac is opened, removed from the sac wall, the drug thus obtained is known as "Shexiangren (musk)". For the domestic musk deer, the "Shexiangren" is taken from the musk sac directly, dried in air or in desiccator.

性状 Description

毛壳麝香为扁圆形或类椭圆形的囊状体，直径3～7cm，厚2～4cm。开口面的皮革质，棕褐色，略平，密生白色或灰棕色短毛，从两侧围绕中心排列，中间有1小囊孔。另一面为棕褐色略带紫色的皮膜，微皱缩，偶显肌肉纤维，略有弹性，剖开后可见中层皮膜呈棕褐色或灰褐色，半透明，内层皮膜呈棕色，内含颗粒状、粉末状的麝香仁和少量细毛及脱落的内层皮膜（习称“银皮”）。
Maokeshexiang is an oblate or subellipsoidal sac, 3-7 cm in diameter, 2-4 cm thick. The skin of the opening side is leathery, brown, slightly even, with dense white or greyish-brown short hairs arranged around the center from both sides. There is a small sac opening in the center. The skin of the other side is brown and slightly purple dermal membrane, slightly wrinkled and shrunken, occasional muscle fibers can be seen, slightly elastic. After opening the sac, the middle dermal membrane is brown or greyish-brown, translucent; the inner dermal membrane is brown, containing granular or powdery "Shexiangren" and a small amount of thin hairs and dropped inner membrane [commonly known as "Yinpi" (silver membrane)].

麝香仁野生者质软，油润，疏松；其中不规则圆球形或颗粒状者习称“当门子”，表面多呈紫黑色，油润光亮，微有麻纹，断面深棕色或黄棕色；粉末状者多呈棕褐色或黄棕色，并有少量脱落的内层皮膜和细毛。饲养者呈颗粒状、短条形或不规则的团块；表面不平，紫黑色或深棕色，显油性，微有光泽，并有少量毛和脱落的内层皮膜。气香浓烈而特异，味微辣、微苦带咸。
Shexiangren from wild musk deer has a soft, oily, and lax texture. The irregularly spheroidal or granular ones are commonly known as "Dangmenzi" (dangmen granule), the surface is usually purplish-black, oily and bright, with slight pocked stripes, and the fracture is dark brown or yellowish-brown. The powder is usually brown or yellowish-brown, with a small amount of dropped inner membrane and thin hairs. Shexiangren from domestic musk deer is granular, in short strips or irregular masses; the surface is uneven, purplish-black or dark brown, oily and slightly lustrous, with a small amount of hairs and dropped inner membrane. The odor is characteristic and strongly aromatic; the taste is slightly pungent, bitter, and salty.

鉴别 Identification

（1）取毛壳麝香用特制槽针从囊孔插入，转动槽针，提取麝香仁，立即检视，槽内的麝香仁应有逐渐膨胀高出槽面的现象，习称“冒槽”。麝香仁油润，颗粒疏松，无锐角，香气浓烈。不应有纤维等异物或异常气味。
(1) Insert a specially made grooved needle into "Maokeshexiang" from the sac opening, turn the needle to get "Shexiangren", and observe immediately. The "Shexiangren" in the groove swells gradually and gets beyond the surface of the groove. This phenomenon is commonly known as "over the groove". "Shexiangren" is oily, granules lax, without acute angles. It should not contain foreign matter such as fibers or unusual odors.

（2）取麝香仁粉末少量，置手掌中，加水润湿，用手搓之能成团，再用手指轻揉即散，不应粘手、染手、顶指或结块。
(2) Put a small amount of "Shexiangren" powder in the palm, moisten the powder with water, and rub it with hands to form a ball. Then gently knead it with fingers to disintegrate. It should not stick, stain, clump, or form lumps.

（3）取麝香仁少量，撒于炽热的坩埚中灼烧，初则迸裂，随即融化膨胀起泡似珠，香气浓烈四溢，应无毛、肉焦臭，无火焰或火星出现。灰化后，残渣呈白色或灰白色。
(3) Ignite a small amount of "Shexiangren" in a red-hot crucible. It cracks at first, then melts and swells to form pearl-like foam with a strong and characteristic aromatic odor. There should be no burnt smell of hairs or flesh, no flame or spark. After ashing, the residue should be white or grayish-white.

（4）麝香仁粉末棕褐色或黄棕色。为无数无定形颗粒状物集成的半透明或透明团块，淡黄色或淡棕色；团块中包埋或散在有方形、柱状、八面体或不规则形的晶体；并可见圆形油滴，偶见毛和内皮层膜组织。
(4) "Shexiangren" powder is brown or yellowish-brown. It is a translucent or transparent mass composed of numerous amorphous granules, pale yellow or pale brown; embedded or scattered in the mass are crystals of square, cylindrical, octahedral, or irregular shapes; rounded oil droplets are visible, and occasionally hairs and inner membrane tissues are seen.

（5）取本品，照〔含量测定〕项下的方法试验，供试品色谱中应呈现与对照品色谱峰保留时间一致的色谱峰。
(5) Carry out the test under Assay, the retention time of a peak in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds with that in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

本品不得检出动、植物组织、矿物和其他掺伪物。不得有霉变。

Foreign matter No animal or plant tissues, minerals, or other false substances; no mildewing allowable.

干燥失重 Loss on drying

取本品约1g，精密称定，置五氧化二磷干燥器中，减压干燥至恒重，减失重量不得过35.0%（通则0831）。
Weigh accurately 1 g of the drug, dry to constant weight in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide in a desiccator, loses not more than 35.0 per cent of its weight<0831>.

总灰分 Total ash

取本品约0.2g，精密称定，照灰分测定法（通则2302）测定，按干燥品计算，不得过6.5%。
Carry out the method for determination of ash<2302>, using 0.2 g of the drug, weighed accurately, not more than 6.5 per cent, calculated with reference to the dried drug.

含量测定 Assay

照气相色谱法（通则0521）测定。
Carry out the method for gas chromatography<0521>.

贮藏 Storage

密闭，置阴凉干燥处，遮光，防潮，防蛀。
Preserve in tightly closed containers, store in a pregranly cool and dry place, and protect from light, moisture, and moth.