菊花

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为菊科植物菊Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.的干燥头状花序。9～11月花盛开时分批采收，阴干或焙干，或熏、蒸后晒干。药材按产地和加工方法不同，分为“亳菊”、“滁菊”、“贡菊”、“杭菊”、“怀菊”。
Chrysanthemum Flower is the dried flower head of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Fam. Compositae). It is collected in batches when the flowers are in full bloom from September to November, removed from the stems, and dried in the shade or by baking, fumigating, steaming, and drying. According to different places of origin and processing methods, the drug is divided into "Boju", "Chuju", "Gongju", "Hangju", and "Huaiju".

性状 Description

亳菊 Boju

呈倒圆锥形或圆筒形，有时稍压扁呈扇形，直径1.5～3cm，离散。总苞碟状；总苞片3～4层，卵形或椭圆形，草质，黄绿色或褐绿色，外面被柔毛，边缘膜质。花托半球形，无托片或托毛。舌状花数层，雌性，位于外围，类白色，劲直，上举，纵向折缩，散生金黄色腺点；管状花多数，两性，位于中央，为舌状花所隐藏，黄色，顶端5齿裂。瘦果不发育，无冠毛。体轻，质柔润，干时松脆。气清香，味甘、微苦。
Obconic or cylindrical, sometimes slightly compressed and flabellate, 1.5 to 3 cm in diameter, discrete. Involucre discoid; involucral bracts 3-4-layered, ovate or elliptic, herbaceous, yellowish green or brownish green, outside pilose, margin membranous. Receptacle hemispherical, without hypanthium or stipular hairs. Ligules several-layered, female, situated peripherally, whitish, straight, uplifted, longitudinally folded, scattered golden-yellow glandular dots; tubular flowers numerous, bisexual, situated centrally, hidden by ligules, yellow, apically 5-toothed. Achenes rudimentary, without crown hairs. Body light, texture soft, crunchy when dry. Aromatic, with a sweet, slightly bitter flavour.

滁菊 Chuju

呈不规则球形或扁球形，直径1.5～2.5 cm。舌状花类白色，不规则扭曲，内卷，边缘皱缩，有时可见淡褐色腺点；管状花大多隐藏。
Irregularly spherical or oblate, 1.5-2.5 cm in diam. ligulate flowers whitish, irregularly twisted, involute, margins crinkled, sometimes pale brown glandular dots visible; tubular flowers mostly hidden.

贡菊 Gongju

呈扁球形或不规则球形，直径1.5～2.5 cm。舌状花白色或类白色，斜升，上部反折，边缘稍内卷而皱缩，通常无腺点；管状花少，外露。
Compressed or irregularly spherical, 1.5-2.5 cm in diam. ligule white or whitish, obliquely ascending, distally reflexed, margin slightly involute and crumpled, usually without glandular dots; tubular flowers few, exserted.

杭菊 Hangju

呈碟形或扁球形，直径2.5～4 cm，常数个相连成片。舌状花类白色或黄色，平展或微折叠，彼此粘连，通常无腺点；管状花多数，外露。
Disc-shaped or oblate, 2.5-4 cm in diameter, often connected in sheets. Ligules whitish or yellow, spreading or slightly folded, adherent to each other, usually without glandular dots; tubular flowers numerous, exserted.

怀菊 Huaiju

呈不规则球形或扁球形，直径1.5～2.5 cm。多数为舌状花，舌状花类白色或黄色，不规则扭曲，内卷，边缘皱缩，有时可见腺点；管状花大多隐藏。
Irregularly spherical or oblate, 1.5-2.5 cm in diam. Mostly ligulate, ligule-like white or yellow, irregularly twisted, involute, margins crumpled, glandular dots sometimes visible; tubular flowers mostly hidden.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄白色。花粉粒类球形，直径32～37 μm，表面有网孔纹及短刺，具3孔沟。T形毛较多，顶端细胞长大，两臂近等长，柄2～4细胞。腺毛头部鞋底状，6～8细胞两两相对排列。草酸钙簇晶较多，细小。
(1) The powder of this product is yellowish white. The pollen grains are spherical, 32-37 μm in diameter, with reticulation and short spines on the surface, with 3 pore grooves. t-shaped hairs are more numerous, the apical cells are growing, the two arms are nearly equal in length, and the stalks are 2-4 cells. The head of glandular hairs is shoestring-like, with 6-8 cells arranged two by two opposite to each other. Calcium oxalate clusters more numerous, fine.

（2）取本品1 g，剪碎，加石油醚（30～60℃）20ml，超声处理10分钟，弃去石油醚，药渣挥干，加稀盐酸1 ml与乙酸乙酯50 ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取菊花对照药材1 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取绿原酸对照品，加乙醇制成每1 ml含0.5 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各0.5～1 μl，分别点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸-冰醋酸-水（1︰15︰1︰1︰2）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) Take 1 g of this product, cut, add petroleum ether (30 ~ 60 ℃) 20 ml, ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes, discard petroleum ether, dregs volatile dry, add 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid and ethyl acetate 50 ml, ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes, filtration, filtrate evaporation, residue with methanol 2 ml to make dissolved, as a test solution. Another take chrysanthemum control herb 1 g, the same method into the control herb solution. Then take chlorogenic acid control product, add ethanol to make a solution containing 0.5 mg per 1 ml, as a control solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the above three solutions of 0.5 ~1 μl, were spotted on the same polyamide film, with toluene - ethyl acetate - formic acid - glacial acetic acid - water (1:15: 1:1:2) of the upper solution as the unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, drying, and placed in the ultraviolet lamp (365 nm) to see. In the chromatogram of the test article, fluorescent spots of the same colour were found in the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control herb and the control article.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15. 0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determined by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic system and system suitability

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为348 nm。理论板数按3, 5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸峰计算应不低于8000。
Octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel was used as filler; acetonitrile was used as mobile phase A, and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution was used as mobile phase B. Gradient elution was carried out according to the following table; the detection wavelength was 348 nm. the theoretical plate number should be not less than 8000 based on the peak of 3, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取绿原酸对照品、木犀草苷对照品、 3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸对照品适量，精密称定，置棕色量瓶中，加70%甲醇制成每1 ml含绿原酸35 μg，木犀草苷25μg，3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸80 μg的混合溶液，即得（10℃以下保存）。
Take chlorogenic acid control, lignocaine control, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid control, weigh precisely, put in a brown measuring flask, add 70% methanol to make a mixed solution containing 35 μg of chlorogenic acid, 25 μg of lignocaine, and 80 μg of 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid per 1 ml, and then it will be obtained (preserved at below 10 ℃).

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过一号筛）约0.25 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入70%甲醇25 ml，密塞，称定重量，超声处理（功率300 W，频率45 kHz）40分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用70%甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take the powder of this product (through the first sieve) about 0.25 g, precision weighing, placed in a stoppered conical flask, precision add 25 ml of 70% methanol, tightly stoppered, weighing, ultrasonic treatment (power 300 W, frequency of 45 kHz) for 40 minutes, cooled, and then weighing, with 70% methanol to make up for the loss of weight, shaking, filtration, and take the filtrate, that is, the product.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各5 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Pipette 5 μl each of control solution and test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and then determine, that is, obtain.

本品按干燥品计算，含绿原酸（C16H18O9）不得少于0.20%，含木犀草苷（C21H20O11）不得少于0.080%，含3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸（C25H24O12）不得少于0.70%。
This product contains not less than 0.20% of chlorogenic acid (C16H18O9), not less than 0.080% of lignoceroside (C21H20O11), and not less than 0.70% of 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (C25H24O12) when calculated from the dried product.

性 Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 Flavor

甘、苦。
Sweet and bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、肝经。
Lung and liver meridians.

功能 Actions

散风清热，平肝明目，清热解毒。
Dispersing wind and clearing heat, calming the liver and improving eyesight, clearing heat and removing toxins.

主治 Indications

用于风热感冒，头痛眩晕，目赤肿痛，眼目昏花，疮痈肿毒。
It is used for wind-heat cold, headache and dizziness, redness and swelling of the eyes, blurred vision, sores, carbuncles and poisons.

用量 Dosage

5～10 g。
5-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，密闭保存，防霉，防蛀。
Keep in a cool and dry place, airtight, mould-proof and moth-proof.

菊花

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为菊科植物菊Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.的干燥头状花序。9～11月花盛开时分批采收，阴干或焙干，或熏、蒸后晒干。药材按产地和加工方法不同，分为“亳菊”、“滁菊”、“贡菊”、“杭菊”、“怀菊”。
Chrysanthemum Flower is the dried capitulum of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Fam. Compositae). The drug is collected in batches in September to November on flowering, dried in shade or by baking or dried in the sun after fuming and steaming. It is classified into “Boju”, “Chuju”, “Gongju” and “Hangju” according to different localities of production and variations in processing methods.

性状 Description

亳菊
呈倒圆锥形或圆筒形，有时稍压扁呈扇形，直径1.5～3cm，离散。总苞碟状；总苞片3～4层，卵形或椭圆形，草质，黄绿色或褐绿色，外面被柔毛，边缘膜质。花托半球形，无托片或托毛。舌状花数层，雌性，位于外围，类白色，劲直，上举，纵向折缩，散生金黄色腺点；管状花多数，两性，位于中央，为舌状花所隐藏，黄色，顶端5齿裂。瘦果不发育，无冠毛。体轻，质柔润，干时松脆。气清香，味甘、微苦。

滁菊
呈不规则球形或扁球形，直径1.5～2.5cm。舌状花类白色，不规则扭曲，内卷，边缘皱缩，有时可见淡褐色腺点；管状花大多隐藏。

贡菊
呈扁球形或不规则球形，直径1.5～2.5cm。舌状花白色或类白色，斜升，上部反折，边缘稍内卷而皱缩，通常无腺点；管状花少，外露。

杭菊
呈碟形或扁球形，直径2.5～4cm，常数个相连成片。舌状花类白色或黄色，平展或微折叠，彼此粘连，通常无腺点；管状花多数，外露。

怀菊
呈不规则球形或扁球形，直径1.5～2.5cm。多数为舌状花，舌状花类白色或黄色，不规则扭曲，内卷，边缘皱缩，有时可见腺点；管状花大多隐藏。

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄白色。花粉粒类球形，直径32～37μm，表面有网孔纹及短刺，具3孔沟。T形毛较多，顶端细胞长大，两臂近等长，柄2～4细胞。腺毛头部鞋底状，6～8细胞两两相对排列。草酸钙簇晶较多，细小。
(1) Powder: Yellowish-white. Pollens subspherical, 32-37 μm in diameter, with reticulated porous striations and short spines and 3 germinal apertures on surface. T-shaped hairs numerous, top cells long and large, with two subequal arms, stalks 2-4 celled. Glandular hairs with sole-shaped heads, 6-8 cells arranged opposite each other. Clusters of calcium oxalate numerous and minute.

（2）取本品1g，剪碎，加石油醚（30～60℃）20ml，超声处理10分钟，弃去石油醚，药渣挥干，加稀盐酸1ml与乙酸乙酯50ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取菊花对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取绿原酸对照品，加乙醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各0.5～1μl，分别点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸-冰醋酸-水（1：15：1：1：2）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) To 1 g of the chips add 20 ml of petroleum ether (30-60℃), ultrasonicate for 10 minutes, discard petroleum ether, evaporate the drug residue to dryness, add 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid and 50 ml of ethyl acetate, ultrasonicate for 30 minutes, filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 2 ml of methanol as the test solution. Prepare a solution with 1 g of Chrysanthemi Flos reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution. Dissolve chlorogenic acid CRS in ethanol to produce a solution of 0.5 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using polyamide membrane as the coating substance and the upper layer of a mixture of toluene, ethyl acetate, formic acid, glacial acetic acid and water (2 : 30 : 2 : 2 : 4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 0.5-1 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air, and examine under ultra-violet light at 365 nm. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not less than 15.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为348nm。理论板数按3，5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸峰计算应不低于8000。

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

甘、苦，微寒。归肺、肝经。
Mild cold； sweet, bitter. Lung and liver meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

散风清热，平肝明目，清热解毒。用于风热感冒，头痛眩晕，目赤肿痛，眼目昏花，疮痈肿毒。
To disperse wind, clear heat, pacify the liver, improve vision, clear heat and remove toxin. Common cold caused by wind-heat, headache and dizziness, red painful swelling eyes, blurry vision, sore, abscess, and skin infections.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

5～10g。
5-10 g.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，密闭保存，防霉，防蛀。
Preserve in a cool and dry place, and protect from moisture and moth.