干姜

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)
中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》

Overview 概述

Dried Ginger Rhizome is the dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Fam. Zingiberaceae). The drug is collected in winter, removed from rootlets and soil, and dried in the sun or at a low temperature. The drug sliced and dried at a low temperature while fresh is known as "Dried Ginger Slices".
本品为姜科植物姜Zingiber officinale Rosc.的干燥根茎。冬季采挖，除去须根和泥沙，晒干或低温干燥。趁鲜切片晒干或低温干燥者称为“干姜片”。

Description 性状

Dried Ginger 干姜

Dried Ginger is flat and block-like, with finger-like branches, 3-7 cm long and 1-2 cm thick. The surface is grayish-yellow or light gray-brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious nodes. There are often remnants of scale leaves at the branching points, and stem scars or buds at the top of the branches. The texture is firm, the fracture is yellowish-white or grayish-white, powdery or granular, the inner bark has obvious ring patterns, and the vascular bundles and yellow oil spots are scattered. It has a fragrant and distinctive odor, and a spicy taste.
呈扁平块状，具指状分枝，长3～7cm，厚1～2cm。表面灰黄色或浅灰棕色，粗糙，具纵皱纹和明显的环节。分枝处常有鳞叶残存，分枝顶端有茎痕或芽。质坚实，断面黄白色或灰白色，粉性或颗粒性，内皮层环纹明显，维管束及黄色油点散在。气香、特异，味辛辣。

Dried Ginger Slices 干姜片

Dried Ginger Slices are irregularly longitudinally or obliquely sliced, with finger-like branches, 1-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, and 0.2-0.4 cm thick. The outer skin is grayish-yellow or light yellow-brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious nodes. The cut surface is grayish-yellow or grayish-white, slightly powdery, with more longitudinal fibers visible, some of which are hairy. The texture is firm, and the fracture is fibrous. It has a fragrant and distinctive odor, and a spicy taste.
本品呈不规则纵切片或斜切片，具指状分枝，长1～6cm，宽1～2cm，厚0.2～0.4cm。外皮灰黄色或浅黄棕色，粗糙，具纵皱纹及明显的环节。切面灰黄色或灰白色，略显粉性，可见较多的纵向纤维，有的呈毛状。质坚实，断面纤维性。气香、特异，味辛辣。

Identification 鉴别

(1) The powder of this drug is pale yellow-brown. There are many starch grains, which are long-elliptical, triangular-ovate, elliptical, circular, or irregular in shape, with a diameter of 5-40μm. The hilum is dot-shaped and located at the smaller end, and some are cracked, with obvious layering. Oil cells and resin cells are scattered in the thin-walled tissue, containing pale yellow oil droplets or dark reddish-brown substances. Fibers are bundled or separated, with blunt tips, a few branches, and some are wavy or serrated on one side, with a diameter of 15-40μm, slightly thickened walls, non-lignified, and oblique pits, often with thin transverse septa. Ladder-shaped vessels, spiral vessels, and reticulate vessels are common, and a few are annular vessels, with a diameter of 15-70μm. Sometimes, tube-like cells containing dark reddish-brown substances can be seen beside vessels or fibers, with a diameter of 12-20μm.
（1）本品粉末淡黄棕色。淀粉粒众多，长卵圆形、三角状卵形、椭圆形、类圆形或不规则形，直径5～40μm，脐点点状，位于较小端，也有呈裂缝状者，层纹有的明显。油细胞及树脂细胞散于薄壁组织中，内含淡黄色油滴或暗红棕色物质。纤维成束或散离，先端钝尖，少数分叉，有的一边呈波状或锯齿状，直径15～40μm，壁稍厚，非木化，具斜细纹孔，常可见菲薄的横隔。梯纹导管、螺纹导管及网纹导管多见，少数为环纹导管，直径15～70μm。导管或纤维旁有时可见内含暗红棕色物的管状细胞，直径12～20μm。

(2) Take 1g of the powder, add 20ml of ethyl acetate, treat with ultrasound for 10 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug Dried Ginger, and prepare the reference drug solution using the same method. Take 6-gingerol CRS, add ethyl acetate to make a solution containing 0.5mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether(60-90°C), chloroform, and ethyl acetate(2:1:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 6 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of vanillin sulfuric acid, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.
（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙酸乙酯20ml，超声处理10分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取干姜对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取6-姜辣素对照品，加乙酸乙酯制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各6μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯（2∶1∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以香草醛硫酸试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Not more than 19.0 per cent <0832,method 4>.
不得过19.0%（通则0832第四法）。

Total ash 总灰分

Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过6.0%（通则2302）。

Extractives 浸出物

Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201>, the hot maceration method, not less than 22.0 per cent.
照水溶性浸出物测定（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于22.0%。

Assay 含量测定

Volatile oil 挥发油

Take an appropriate amount of the coarsest powder of the drug, add 700 ml of water, and determine according to the method for determination of volatile oil <2204>.
取本品最粗粉适量，加水700ml，照挥发油测定法（通则2204）测定。

The content of volatile oil in this product shall not be less than 0.8% (ml/g).
本品含挥发油不得少于0.8%（ml/g）。

6-Gingerol 6-姜辣素

Determine by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test 色谱条件与系统适用性试验

The chromatographic conditions and system suitability test: using octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; using acetonitrile-methanol-water (40:5:55) as the mobile phase; the detection wavelength is 280 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of 6-gingerol should not be less than 5000.
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-甲醇-水（40∶5∶55）为流动相；检测波长为280nm。理论板数按6-姜辣素峰计算应不低于5000。

Preparation of reference solution 对照品溶液的制备

Preparation of reference solution: Take an appropriate amount of 6-gingerol reference substance, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.1 mg per 1 ml.
取6-姜辣素对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.1mg的溶液，即得。

Preparation of test solution 供试品溶液的制备

Preparation of test solution: Take about 0.25g of the powder of the drug (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 20ml of 75% methanol, weigh, ultrasonicate (power 100W, frequency 40kHz) for 40 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with 75% methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.
取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.25g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入75%甲醇20ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率100W，频率40kHz）40分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用75%甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。

Assay method 测定法

Determination method: Precisely aspirate 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。

Calculated on the dried product, the content of 6-gingerol (C17H26O4) shall not be less than 0.60%.
本品按干燥品计算，含6-姜辣素（C17H26O4）不得少于0.60%。

Prepared slices 饮片

Dried Ginger 干姜

Processing 炮制

Remove impurities from dried ginger, soak briefly, wash thoroughly, soften until moist, cut into thick slices or pieces, and dry.
除去杂质，略泡，洗净，润透，切厚片或块，干燥。

Description 性状

This product is irregularly shaped slices or pieces, with a thickness of 0.2-0.4cm.
本品呈不规则片块状，厚0.2～0.4cm。

Identification 鉴别

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Examination 检查

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Extractives 浸出物

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Blast-fried Ginger 姜炭

Processing 炮制

Take dry ginger pieces, according to the method of stir-frying charcoal (Tongzhi 0213) and stir-fry until the surface is black and the interior is brown.
取干姜块，照炒炭法（通则0213）炒至表面黑色、内部棕褐色。

Description 性状

This product is shaped like dried ginger pieces, the surface of the burnt black, the internal brown, light, crunchy. The taste is slightly bitter, slightly spicy.
本品形如干姜片块，表面焦黑色，内部棕褐色，体轻，质松脆。味微苦，微辣。

Identification 鉴别

Take 2g of this product powder, add 75% methanol 40ml, ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes, filtration, filtrate evaporation, residue plus ethyl acetate 1ml to dissolve, as a test solution. Take 6-gingerol control, ginger ketone control, plus ethyl acetate were made into a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml, as a control solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the test solution and 6-gingerin control solution 6 μl, ginger ketone control solution 4 μl, respectively, were spotted on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, with petroleum ether (60 ~ 90 ℃) - trichloromethane - ethyl acetate (2:1:1) as an unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, drying, sprayed with vanillin sulfuric acid reagent, heated at 105 ℃ until the spots show colour. Clear. In the chromatogram of the test article, spots of the same colour are shown on the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control article.
取本品粉末2g，加75%甲醇40ml，超声处理 20分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加乙酸乙酯1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取6-姜辣素对照品、姜酮对照品，加乙酸乙酯 分别制成每1ml各含0. 5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和6-姜辣素对照 品溶液各6μl、姜酮对照品溶液4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄 层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯（2∶1∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以香草醛硫酸试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

Extractives 浸出物

Same as the crude drug, not less than 26.0%.
同药材，不得少于26.0%。

Assay 含量测定

Same as the crude drug, the content of 6-gingerol (C₁₇H₂₆O₄) shall not be less than 0.050%.
同药材，含6-姜辣素（C₁₇H₂₆O₄）不得少于0.050%。

Property 性

Hot.
热。

Flavor 味

Pungent.
辛。

Meridian tropism 归经

Belongs to the spleen, stomach, kidney, heart, and lung meridians.
归脾、胃、肾、心、肺经。

Actions 功能

Warm the middle and dispel cold, restore yang and promote blood circulation, warm the lungs and transform phlegm.
温中散寒，回阳通脉，温肺化饮。

Indications 主治

Used for cold pain in the epigastrium, vomiting, diarrhea, cold limbs with weak pulse, and cold phlegm cough.
用于脘腹冷痛，呕吐泄泻，肢冷脉微，寒饮喘咳。

Dosage 用量

3-10g.
3～10g。

Administration 用法

None.
无。

Storage 贮藏

Store in a cool and dry place, protect from moth.
置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。

Preparation 制剂

Ginger infusion paste.
姜流浸膏。

干姜

Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)
文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》

Overview 概述

Zingiberis Rhizoma is the dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Fam. Zingiberaceae). The drug is collected in winter, removed from fibrous root and soil, and dried in the sun or at a lower temperature. The drug is sliced while fresh and dried in the sun or at a lower temperature, which is known as "Slice of Zingiberis Rhizoma".
本品为姜科植物姜Zingiber officinale Rosc.的干燥根茎。冬季采挖，除去须根和泥沙，晒干或低温干燥。趁鲜切片晒干或低温干燥者称为“干姜片”。

Description 性状

Zingiberis Rhizoma is in flattened pieces with fingered branches, 3-7 cm long, 1-2 cm thick. Externally greyish-yellow or pale greyish-brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and distinct annulated-nodes. Branched parts usually with remains of scale leaves, apex with stem-scars or buds. Texture compact, fracture yellowish-white or greyish-white, starchy and granular, exhibiting a distinct ring of endodermis, scattered with vascular bundles and yellow oil drops. Odour, aromatic and characteristic; taste, pungent.
干姜 呈扁平块状，具指状分枝，长3～7cm，厚1～2cm。表面灰黄色或浅灰棕色，粗糙，具纵皱纹和明显的环节。分枝处常有鳞叶残存，分枝顶端有茎痕或芽。质坚实，断面黄白色或灰白色，粉性或颗粒性，内皮层环纹明显，维管束及黄色油点散在。气香、特异，味辛辣。

Slice of Zingiberis Rhizoma is in irregularly longitudinal or oblique slices, with fingered branches, 1-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, 2-4 mm thick. Externally greyish-yellow or pale yellowish-brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and distinct annulated-nodes. Cut surface greyish-yellow or greyish-white, slightly starchy, showing more longitudinal fibres, some of which appearing hair-like. Texture compact, fracture fibrous. Odour, aromatic and characteristic; taste, pungent.
干姜片 本品呈不规则纵切片或斜切片，具指状分枝，长1～6cm，宽1～2cm，厚0.2～0.4cm。外皮灰黄色或浅黄棕色，粗糙，具纵皱纹及明显的环节。切面灰黄色或灰白色，略显粉性，可见较多的纵向纤维，有的呈毛状。质坚实，断面纤维性。气香、特异，味辛辣。

Identification 鉴别

（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙酸乙酯20ml，超声处理10分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取干姜对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取6-姜辣素对照品，加乙酸乙酯制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各6μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯（2：1：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以香草醛硫酸试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
（1）本品粉末淡黄棕色。淀粉粒众多，长卵圆形、三角状卵形、椭圆形、类圆形或不规则形，直径5～40μm，脐点点状，位于较小端，也有呈裂缝状者，层纹有的明显。油细胞及树脂细胞散于薄壁组织中，内含淡黄色油滴或暗红棕色物质。纤维成束或散离，先端钝尖，少数分叉，有的一边呈波状或锯齿状，直径15～40μm，壁稍厚，非木化，具斜细纹孔，常可见菲薄的横隔。梯纹导管、螺纹导管及网纹导管多见，少数为环纹导管，直径15～70μm。导管或纤维旁有时可见内含暗红棕色物的管状细胞，直径12～20μm。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Not more than 19.0 per cent <0832, method 4>.
不得过19.0%（通则0832第四法）。

Total ash 总灰分

Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过6.0%（通则2302）。

Extractives 浸出物

Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method>, not less than 22.0 per cent.
照水溶性浸出物测定（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于22.0%。

Assay 含量测定

本品含挥发油不得少于0.8%（ml/g）。
挥发油 取本品最粗粉适量，加水700ml，照挥发油测定法（通则2204）测定。

Zingiberis Rhizoma 干姜

Processing 炮制

Eliminate foreign matter, soak briefly, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices or pieces, and dry.
除去杂质，略泡，洗净，润透，切厚片或块，干燥。

Identification 鉴别

As required for the crude drug.
同药材。

Water, Total ash and Extractives 检查

As required for the crude drug.
同药材。

Assay 含量测定

As required for the crude drug.
同药材。

Zingiberis Rhizoma (carbonized) 姜炭

Stir-bake the pieces of Zingiberis Rhizoma as described under the method for carbonized by stir-baking 〈0213〉 until the surface becomes black and the inner part brown.
取干姜块，照炒炭法（通则0213）炒至表面黑色、内部棕褐色。

The shape similar to the slices or pieces, externally burnt-black and internally brown, texture light and fragile. Taste, slightly bitter and slightly pungent.
本品形如干姜片块，表面焦黑色，内部棕褐色，体轻，质松脆。味微苦，微辣。

Identification 鉴别

To 2 g of the powder, add 40 ml of 75% methanol, ultrasonicate for 20 minutes and filter. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of ethyl acetate as the test solution. Dissolve separately a quantity of 6-gingerol CRS and gingerone CRS in ethyl acetate to produce two solutions each containing 0.5 mg per ml as the reference solutions. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography 〈0502〉, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90℃), chloroform and ethyl acetate (2: 1 : 1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 6 μl of each of the test solution and 6-gingerol reference solution, 4 μl of gingerone reference solution to the plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of vanillin in sulfuric acid, heat at 105℃ to the spot clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solutions.
取本品粉末2g，加75%甲醇40ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加乙酸乙酯1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取6-姜辣素对照品、姜酮对照品，加乙酸乙酯分别制成每1ml各含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和6-姜辣素对照品溶液各6μl、姜酮对照品溶液4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯（2：1：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以香草醛硫酸试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

Extractives 浸出物

Not less than 26.0 per cent, following the method for the crude drug.
同药材，不得少于26.0%。

Assay 含量测定

Not less than 0.050 per cent of 6-gingerol (CHO), following the method for the crude drug.
同药材，含6-姜辣素（C17H26O4）不得少于0.050%。

Property and Flavor 性味与归经

Hot; pungent. Spleen, stomach, kidney, heart and lung meridians.
辛、热。归脾、胃、肾、心、肺经。

Actions 功能与主治

To warm the middle energizer, dissipate cold, restore yang, promote blood circulation, warm the lung and resolve fluid retention. Indicated for cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, cold limbs and faint pulse, cough and dyspnea caused by cold fluid retention.
温中散寒，回阳通脉，温肺化饮。用于脘腹冷痛，呕吐泄泻，肢冷脉微，寒饮喘咳。

Administration and dosage 用法与用量

3-10 g.
3～10g。

Storage 贮藏

Preserve in a cool and dry place, and protect from moth.
置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。

Preparation 制剂

Extractum Zingiberis Liquidum.
姜流浸膏。