麻黄

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)
中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》

Overview 概述

Ephedra Herb is the dried herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey., or Ephedra equisetina Bge. (Fam. Ephedraceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the green herbaceous stem is at its best, removed from the stem, and dried in the sun.
本品为麻黄科植物草麻黄Ephedra sinica Stapf、中麻黄Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey. 或木贼麻黄Ephedra equisetina Bge. 的干燥草质茎。秋季采割绿色的草质茎，晒干。

Description 性状

Ephedra sinica Stapf Stems slender, cylindrical, slightly branched, 1-2 mm in diameter; some with a few brownish woody stems. Externally pale green to yellowish-green, with fine longitudinal ridges, rough to the touch. Nodes distinct, internodes 2-6 cm long. Scale-like leaves membranous, 3-4 mm long; lobes 2 (rarely 3), acute triangular, grayish-white at the apex, reflexed, united at the base to form a tubular structure, reddish-brown. Light in weight, brittle in texture, easily broken; fracture slightly fibrous; periphery greenish-yellow, medulla reddish-brown, nearly circular. Odour, slightly aromatic; taste, astringent and slightly bitter.
草麻黄 呈细长圆柱形，少分枝，直径1～2mm。有的带少量棕色木质茎。表面淡绿色至黄绿色，有细纵脊线，触之微有粗糙感。节明显，节间长2～6cm。节上有膜质鳞叶，长3～4mm；裂片2（稀3），锐三角形，先端灰白色，反曲，基部联合成筒状，红棕色。体轻，质脆，易折断，断面略呈纤维性，周边绿黄色，髓部红棕色，近圆形。气微香，味涩、微苦。

*Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey. * Stems more branched, 1.5-3 mm in diameter, rough to the touch. Scale-like leaves on the nodes 2-3 mm long; lobes 3 (rarely 2), acute at the apex. Medulla of the transverse section triangular and circular.
中麻黄 多分枝，直径1.5～3mm，有粗糙感。节上膜质鳞叶长2～3mm，裂片3（稀2），先端锐尖。断面髓部呈三角状圆形。

*Ephedra equisetina Bge. * Stems more branched, 1-1.5 mm in diameter, smooth to the touch. Internodes 1.5-3 cm long. Scale-like leaves 1-2 mm long; lobes 2 (rarely 3), upper part short triangular, grayish-white, apex mostly not reflexed, base reddish-brown to brownish-black.
木贼麻黄 较多分枝，直径1～1.5mm，无粗糙感。节间长1.5～3cm。膜质鳞叶长1～2mm；裂片2（稀3），上部为短三角形，灰白色，先端多不反曲，基部棕红色至棕黑色。

Identification 鉴别

(1)Cross-section of the product: Herba Ephedra Epidermal cells are covered with a thick cuticle; the ridges are dense, with waxy warty protrusions, and there are sunken stomata between the two ridges. Hypodermal fibre bundles located at the ridges, thick-walled, non-woody. Cortex broader, fibres scattered in bundles. Mesostylar sheath fibre bundles crescent-shaped. Vascular bundles externally tough, 8-10. Formation rings roundish. Xylem triangular. Thin-walled cells of the pith containing brown masses; occasional ring of medullary fibres. The outer wall of epidermal cells, thin-walled cells of cortex and fibres have most minute calcium oxalate sand crystals or square crystals.
（1）本品横切面：草麻黄 表皮细胞外被厚的角质层；脊线较密，有蜡质疣状突起，两脊线间有下陷气孔。下皮纤维束位于脊线处，壁厚，非木化。皮层较宽，纤维成束散在。中柱鞘纤维束新月形。维管束外韧型，8～10个。形成层环类圆形。木质部呈三角状。髓部薄壁细胞含棕色块；偶有环髓纤维。表皮细胞外壁、皮层薄壁细胞及纤维均有多数微小草酸钙砂晶或方晶。

Ephedra vascular bundles 12-15. Formation of stratum ring-like triangles. Ring pith fibres in bundles or scattered singly.
中麻黄 维管束12～15个。形成层环类三角形。环髓纤维成束或单个散在。

Carpenter's ephedra Vascular bundles 8-10. Formation layer rings are rounded. No ring of medullary fibres.
木贼麻黄 维管束8～10个。形成层环类圆形。无环髓纤维。

(2) Take 0.2g of the powder, add 5ml of water and 1-2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid, boil for 2-3 minutes, filter. The filtrate was placed in a separatory funnel, add a few drops of ammonia test solution to make alkaline, then add 5ml of trichloromethane, shake to extract. Separate the trichloromethane liquid, placed in two test tubes, a tube with ammonia copper chloride test solution and carbon disulfide 5 drops each, shaking, standing, trichloromethane layer dark yellow; another tube for the blank, trichloromethane 5 drops instead of 5 drops of carbon disulfide, shaking after the trichloromethane layer colourless or slightly yellow.
（2）取本品粉末0.2g，加水5ml与稀盐酸1～2滴，煮沸2～3分钟，滤过。滤液置分液漏斗中，加氨试液数滴使呈碱性，再加三氯甲烷5ml，振摇提取。分取三氯甲烷液，置二支试管中，一管加氨制氯化铜试液与二硫化碳各5滴，振摇，静置，三氯甲烷层显深黄色；另一管为空白，以三氯甲烷5滴代替二硫化碳5滴，振摇后三氯甲烷层无色或显微黄色。

（3）Take 1g of this product powder, add several drops of concentrated ammonia test solution, then add 10ml of trichloromethane, heating reflux for 1 hour, filtration, filtrate evaporation, residue add methanol 2ml full shaking, filtration, take the filtrate as the test solution. Take ephedrine hydrochloride control product, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml, as the control solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the above two solutions of 5μl, respectively, point in the same silica gel G thin layer plate, trichloromethane-methanol-concentrated ammonia test solution (20︰5︰0.5) as the unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, drying, sprayed with ninhydrin test solution, heated to 105 ℃ until the spots show clear colour. In the chromatogram of the test article, the same red spot is shown in the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control article.
（3）取本品粉末1g，加浓氨试液数滴，再加三氯甲烷10ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2ml充分振摇，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取盐酸麻黄碱对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇-浓氨试液（20︰5︰0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以茚三酮试液，在105 ℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的红色斑点。

Examination 检查

Foreign matter 杂质

Not more than 5 per cent <2301>.
不得过5%（通则2301）。

Water 水分

Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.
不得过9.0%（通则0832第二法）。

Total ash 总灰分

Not more than 10.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过10.0%（通则2302）。

Assay 含量测定

Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test 色谱条件与系统适用性试验

Polar ether-linked phenyl-bonded silica gel was used as filler; methanol-0.092% phosphoric acid solution (containing 0.04% triethylamine and 0.02% di-n-butylamine) (1.5:98.5) was used as the mobile phase; and the detection wavelength was 210 nm.The theoretical plate number should be not less than 3000 according to the ephedrine hydrochloride peak calculation.
以极性乙醚连接苯基键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-0.092%磷酸溶液（含0.04%三乙胺和0.02%二正丁胺）（1.5︰98.5）为流动相；检测波长为210nm。理论板数按盐酸麻黄碱峰计算应不低于3000。

Preparation of reference solution 对照品溶液的制备

Take the appropriate amount of ephedrine hydrochloride control product, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride control product, precision weighing, add methanol were made into each 1ml contains 40μg of mixed solution, that is obtained.
取盐酸麻黄碱对照品、盐酸伪麻黄碱对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇分别制成每1ml各含40μg的混合溶液，即得。

Preparation of test solution 供试品溶液的制备

取本品细粉约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入1.44%磷酸溶液50ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率600W，频率50kHz）20分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用1.44%磷酸溶液补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。

Assay method 测定法

Pipette 10μl each of control solution and test solution, injected into the liquid chromatograph, and then measured, that is, obtained.
分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl,注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。

This product shall contain not less than 0.80% of the total amount of ephedrine hydrochloride (C10H15NO-HCl) and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (C10H15NO-HCl), calculated as a dry product.
本品按干燥品计算，含盐酸麻黄碱（C10H15NO•HCl）和盐酸伪麻黄碱（C10H15NO•HCl）的总量不得少于0.80%。

Prepared slices 饮片

Ephedra 麻黄

Processing 炮制

Eliminate woody stems, residual roots, and impurities, and cut into sections.
除去木质茎、残根及杂质，切段。

Description 性状

The prepared slices are cylindrical. The surface is pale yellowish-green to yellowish-green, rough, with fine longitudinal ridges, and small scale-like leaves on the nodes. The center of the cut surface is reddish-yellow. Odour, slightly aromatic; taste, astringent and slightly bitter.
本品呈圆柱形的段。表面淡黄绿色至黄绿色，粗糙，有细纵脊线，节上有细小鳞叶。切面中心显红黄色。气微香，味涩、微苦。

Examination 检查

Total ash 总灰分

Same as the herb,not more than 9.0 per cent.
同药材，不得过9.0%。

Water 水分

Same as the herb.
同药材。

Identification 鉴别

Same as the herbs(except in cross-section) .
（除横切面外）同药材。

Assay 含量测定

Same as the herb.
同药材。

Honey-fried Ephedra 蜜麻黄

Processing 炮制

Take Ephedra slices and fry them according to the method of honey-frying <0213> until they are not sticky.
取麻黄段，照蜜炙法（通则0213）炒至不粘手。

For every 100kg of ephedra, use 20kg of refined honey.
每100kg麻黄，用炼蜜20kg。

Description 性状

The honey-fried Ephedra slices are similar to Ephedra slices. The surface is dark yellow, slightly glossy, and slightly sticky. It has a honey aroma and a sweet taste.
本品形如麻黄段。表面深黄色，微有光泽，略具黏性。有蜜香气，味甜。

Examination 检查

Total ash 总灰分

Same as the herb,not more than 8.0 per cent.
同药材，不得过8.0%。

Water 水分

Same as the herb.
同药材。

Identification 鉴别

Same as the herbs(except in cross-section) .
（除横切面外）同药材。

Assay 含量测定

Same as the herb.
同药材。

Property 性

Warm.
温。

Flavor 味

Pungent, slightly bitter.
辛、微苦。

Meridian tropism 归经

Lung and bladder meridians
归肺、膀胱经。

Actions 功能

Sweating and dispersing cold, promoting the lungs and calming asthma, inducing diuresis and subduing oedema.
发汗散寒，宣肺平喘，利水消肿。

Indications 主治

Used for wind-cold flu, chest congestion and cough, wind-water swelling. Honey Ephedra moistens the lungs and relieves cough. Mostly used for symptomatic evidence has been resolved, asthma and cough.
用于风寒感冒，胸闷喘咳，风水浮肿。蜜麻黄润肺止咳。多用于表证已解，气喘咳嗽。

Dosage 用量

2-10 g.
2～10g。

Administration 用法

None.
无。

Storage 贮藏

Place in a ventilated dry place. Protect from moisture.
置通风干燥处。防潮。

麻黄

Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)
文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》

Overview 概述

Ephedra is the dried herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey. or Ephedra equisetina Bge. (Fam. Ephedraceae). The drug is collected in autumn, and dried in the sun.
本品为麻黄科植物草麻黄Ephedra sinica Stapf、中麻黄Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C.A.Mey.或木贼麻黄Ephedra equisetina Bge.的干燥草质茎。秋季采割绿色的草质茎，晒干。

Description 性状

Slenderly cylindrical, infrequently branched, 1-2 mm in diameter. Some with a few brown woody stems. Externally pale green to yellowish-green, with fine longitudinal ridges, slightly rough. Nodes distinct, internodes 2-6 cm long. Scaly leaves on the nodes membranous, 3-4 mm long, with 2 lobes (rarely 3), acutely triangular, apex greyish-white, reversed, base tubular and reddish-brown in colour. Texture light, fragile, and easily broken, fracture slightly fibrous with greenish-yellow edge and subrounded reddish-brown pith. Odour, slightly aromatic; taste, astringent and slightly bitter.
本品茎呈细长圆柱形，少分枝，直径1～2mm。有的带少量棕色木质茎。表面淡绿色至黄绿色，有细纵脊线，触之微有粗糙感。节明显，节间长2～6cm。节上有膜质鳞叶，长3～4mm；裂片2（稀3），锐三角形，先端灰白色，反曲，基部联合成筒状，红棕色。体轻，质脆，易折断，断面略呈纤维性，周边绿黄色，髓部红棕色，近圆形。气微香，味涩、微苦。

Identification 鉴别

表皮细胞外被厚的角质层；脊线较密，有蜡质疣状突起，两脊线间有下陷气孔。下皮纤维束位于脊线处，壁厚，非木化。皮层较宽，纤维成束散在。中柱鞘纤维束新月形。维管束外韧型，8～10个。形成层环类圆形。木质部呈三角状。髓部薄壁细胞含棕色块；偶有环髓纤维。表皮细胞外壁、皮层薄壁细胞及纤维均有多数微小草酸钙砂晶或方晶。
（1）本品横切面：草麻黄

To 0.2 g of the powder, add 5 ml of water and 1-2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid, boil for 2-3 minutes and filter. Transfer the filtrate to a separator, add several drops of ammonia TS to make alkaline and extract with 5 ml of chloroform. Transfer the chloroform solution into 2 tubes. To one tube add ammoniated cupric chloride TS and carbon disulfide, 5 drops of each, shake well and allow to stand, the chloroform layer becomes deep yellow; to another tube add 5 drops of chloroform instead of carbon disulfide as a blank, shake well, the chloroform layer is colourless or slightly yellow.
（2）取本品粉末0.2g，加水5ml与稀盐酸1～2滴，煮沸2～3分钟，滤过。滤液置分液漏斗中，加氨试液数滴使呈碱性，再加三氯甲烷5ml，振摇提取。分取三氯甲烷液，置二支试管中，一管加氨制氯化铜试液与二硫化碳各5滴，振摇，静置，三氯甲烷层显深黄色；另一管为空白，以三氯甲烷5滴代替二硫化碳5滴，振摇后三氯甲烷层无色或显微黄色。

To 1 g of the powder add several drops of concentrated ammonia TS and 10 ml of chloroform, heat under reflux for 1 hour and filter. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness, add 2 ml of methanol to the residue, shake well, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Dissolve ephedrin hydrochloride CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform, methanol and concentrated ammonia TS (20 : 5 : 0.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5 μl of each of the above two solutions, after developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with ninhydrin TS and heat at 105℃ to the spots clear. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.
（3）取本品粉末1g，加浓氨试液数滴，再加三氯甲烷10ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2ml充分振摇，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取盐酸麻黄碱对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇-浓氨试液（20：5：0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以茚三酮试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的红色斑点。

Examination 检查

Foreign matter 杂质

Not more than 5 per cent <2301>.
不得过5%（通则2301）。

Water 水分

Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.
不得过9.0%（通则0832第二法）。

Total ash 总灰分

Not more than 10.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过10.0%（通则2302）。

Assay 含量测定

Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

Prepared slices 饮片

Ephedra 麻黄

Processing 炮制

Remove the woody stems, roots and foreign matter, and cut into sections.
除去木质茎、残根及杂质，切段。

In cylindrical sections. Externally pale yellowish-green to yellowish-green, rough, with fine longitudinal ridges, and minute scaly leaves on the nodes. Cut surface reddish-yellow in centre. Odour, slightly aromatic; taste, astringent and slightly bitter.
本品呈圆柱形的段。表面淡黄绿色至黄绿色，粗糙，有细纵脊线，节上有细小鳞叶。切面中心显红黄色。气微香，味涅、微苦。

Ephedra (processed with honey) 蜜麻黄

Processing 炮制

Stir-bake the sections of Ephedra as described under the method for stir-baking with honey <0213> until it is not sticky to fingers, using 20 kg of refined honey per 100 kg of Ephedra.
取麻黄段，照蜜炙法（通则0213）炒至不粘手。

For every 100 kg of Ephedra, use 20 kg of refined honey.
每100kg麻黄，用炼蜜20kg。

In cylindrical sections. Externally dark yellow, somewhat lustrous, slightly viscous. Odour, honey aromatic; taste, sweet.
本品形如麻黄段。表面深黄色，微有光泽，略具黏性。有蜜香气，味甜。

Property and Flavor 性味与归经

Warm; pungent, mild bitter. Lung and bladder meridians.
辛、微苦，温。归肺、膀胱经。

Actions and Indications 功能与主治

To promote sweating, dissipate cold, diffuse the lung, relieve wheezing, and promote urination to alleviate edema. Used for common cold caused by wind-cold, manifested as oppression in the chest, wheezing and cough, and edema caused by wind. Ephedra (processed with honey) can moisten the lung to suppress cough, and can be used for wheezing and cough after relieving exterior pattern.
发汗散寒，宣肺平喘，利水消肿。用于风寒感冒，胸闷喘咳，风水浮肿。蜜麻黄润肺止咳。多用于表证已解，气喘咳嗽。

Administration and dosage 用法与用量

2-10 g.
2～10g。

Storage 贮藏

Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, protected from moisture.
置通风干燥处。防潮。