蒲公英

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)
中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》

Overview 概述

Dandelion Herb is the dried whole plant of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz., Taraxacum borealisinense Kitam., or several other plants of the same genus (Fam. Compositae). The drug is collected in spring to autumn when the flowers first open, removed from impurities, washed, and dried.
本品为菊科植物蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.、碱地蒲公英Taraxacum borealisinense Kitam.或同属数种植物的干燥全草。春至秋季花初开时采挖，除去杂质，洗净，晒干。

Description 性状

The drug is in irregular masses, wrinkled, and curled. Roots conical, often curved, 3-7 cm long; surface brownish-brown, wrinkled; root head with brownish-brown or yellowish-white hairs, some of which have fallen off. Leaves basal, mostly wrinkled and broken, intact leaves inverted-lanceolate, greenish-brown or dark grayish-green, apex acute or obtuse, margin shallowly lobed or pinnately lobed, base gradually narrowed, extending downward into a petiole, lower surface with distinct main veins. Flower stems 1 to several, each with a terminal head-like inflorescence; involucre multilayered, with one inner layer longer; corolla yellowish-brown or pale yellowish-white. Numerous long elliptical achenes with white pappus may be seen. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter.
本品呈皱缩卷曲的团块。根呈圆锥状，多弯曲，长3～7cm；表面棕褐色，抽皱；根头部有棕褐色或黄白色的茸毛，有的已脱落。叶基生，多皱缩破碎，完整叶片呈倒披针形，绿褐色或暗灰绿色，先端尖或钝，边缘浅裂或羽状分裂，基部渐狭，下延呈柄状，下表面主脉明显。花茎1至数条，每条顶生头状花序，总苞片多层，内面一层较长，花冠黄褐色或淡黄白色。有的可见多数具白色冠毛的长椭圆形瘦果。气微，味微苦。

Identification 鉴别

Leaf surface: Epidermal cells of upper and lower surfaces with wavy curved periclinal walls, with distinct or sparse visible cuticular striations. Both upper and lower epidermis have non-glandular hairs, 3-9 cells, 17-34 μm in diameter, with very long terminal cells, wrinkled and whip-like or detached. Numerous stomata are present in the lower epidermis, anomocytic or anisocytic, with 3-6 subsidiary cells; mesophyll cells contain small crystals of calcium oxalate. Laticiferous vessels are visible beside the veins.
（1）本品叶表面观：上下表皮细胞垂周壁波状弯曲，表面角质纹理明显或稀疏可见。上下表皮均有非腺毛，3～9细胞，直径17～34μm，顶端细胞甚长，皱缩呈鞭状或脱落。下表皮气孔较多，不定式或不等式，副卫细胞3～6个，叶肉细胞含细小草酸钙结晶。叶脉旁可见乳汁管。

Transverse section of root: Rows of cork cells, brown. Cortex wide, with lactiferous vessels arranged in several rows. Cambium ring-shaped. Xylem small, rays not distinct; vessels large, scattered.
根横切面：木栓细胞数列，棕色。韧皮部宽广，乳管群断续排列成数轮。形成层成环。木质部较小，射线不明显；导管较大，散列。

To 1g of the powder add 10 ml of 80% methanol, treat with ultrasound for 20 minutes, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug of dandelion, prepare the reference drug solution in the same way. Take chicoric acid CRS, add 80% methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform-acetic ether-formic acid-water (6:12:5:2) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 4 μl of the test solution, 4 μl of the reference drug solution, and 3 μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 1% solution of aluminum chloride in ethanol, examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.
（2）取本品粉末1g，加80%甲醇10ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取蒲公英对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取菊苣酸对照品，加80%甲醇制成每1ml含0.2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液、对照药材溶液各4μl、对照品溶液3μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲酸-水（6∶12∶5∶2）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以1%三氯化铝乙醇溶液，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.
不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。

Assay 含量测定

Determine by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test 色谱条件与系统适用性试验

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use methanol as mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid solution as mobile phase B, perform gradient elution according to the specified conditions in the table; detect at a wavelength of 327nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of chicoric acid should not be less than 5000.
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇为流动相A，以0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为327nm。理论板数按菊苣酸峰计算应不低于5000。

Preparation of reference solution 对照品溶液的制备

Take an appropriate amount of chicoric acid reference substance, accurately weigh, add 80% methanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml.
取菊苣酸对照品适量，精密称定，加80%甲醇制成每1ml含0.2mg的溶液，即得。

Preparation of test solution 供试品溶液的制备

Take about 0.5g of the powder of this medicinal material (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 20ml of 80% methanol, weigh, subject to ultrasonic treatment (power 400W, frequency 40kHz) for 20 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with 80% methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.
取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入80%甲醇20ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率400W，频率40kHz）20分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用80%甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。

Assay method 测定法

Accurately draw 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and obtain the result.
分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。

Calculated on the dried product, the content of chicoric acid (C22H18O12) should not be less than 0.45%.
本品按干燥品计算，含菊苣酸（C22H18O12）不得少于0.45%。

Prepared slices 饮片

Dandelion Herb 蒲公英

Processing 炮制

Remove impurities, wash, cut into sections, and dry.
除去杂质，洗净，切段，干燥。

Characteristics 性状

This product is an irregular segment. The root surface is brownish, wrinkled; the root head has brownish or yellowish-white velvet hairs, some of which have been shed. Leaves mostly crumpled and broken, greenish brown or dark greyish green, the complete ones are oblanceolate when spread out, apex pointed or obtuse, margin lobed or pinnatifid, base attenuate, decurrently stalked. Heads, involucral bracts multilayered, corolla yellow-brown or yellowish white. Long ellipsoid achenes with white crown hairs are sometimes seen. Slightly bitter taste.
本品为不规则的段。根表面棕褐色，抽皱；根头部有棕褐色或黄白色的茸毛，有的已脱落。叶多皱缩破碎，绿褐色或暗灰绿色，完整者展平后呈倒披针形，先端尖或钝，边缘浅裂或羽状分裂，基部渐狭，下延呈柄状。头状花序，总苞片多层，花冠黄褐色或淡黄白色。有时可见具白色冠毛的长椭圆形瘦果。气微，味微苦。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Not more than 10.0 per cent, same as the crude drug.
同药材，不得过10.0%。

Extractives 浸出物

Determined by the hot leaching method under the Determination of Alcohol Soluble Leachate (General rule 2201), using 75% ethanol as solvent, not less than 18.0%.
照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用75%乙醇作溶剂，不得少于18.0%。

Content determination 含量测定

Same as the crude drug， and containing not less than 0.30% chicoric acid (C22H18O12).
同药材，含菊苣酸（C22H18O12）不得少于0.30%。

Identification 鉴别

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Property 性

Cold.
寒。

Flavor 味

Bitter and sweet.
苦、甘。

Meridian tropism 归经

Liver and stomach meridians.
归肝、胃经。

Actions 功能

Clear heat and detoxify, reduce swelling and dissipate nodules, diuretic and promote urination.
清热解毒，消肿散结，利尿通淋。

Indications 主治

Used for carbuncle and swelling, breast abscess, scrofula, red eyes, sore throat, lung abscess, intestinal abscess, damp-heat jaundice, and painful urination due to heat.
用于疔疮肿毒，乳痈，瘰疬，目赤，咽痛，肺痈，肠痈，湿热黄疸，热淋涩痛。

Dosage 用量

10-15 g.
10～15g。

Administration 用法

None.
无。

Storage 贮藏

Store in a well-ventilated, dry place, protected from moisture and moth.
置通风干燥处，防潮，防蛀。

蒲公英

Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)
文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》

Overview 概述

Dandelion is the dried herb of Tarazacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz., Tarazacum sinicum Kitag. or several other species of the same genus (Fam. Compositae). The drug is collected from spring to autumn at the early stage of flowering, removed from foreign matter, washed clean and dried in the sun.
本品为菊科植物蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.、碱地蒲公英Taraxacum borealisinense Kitam.或同属数种植物的干燥全草。春至秋季花初开时采挖，除去杂质，洗净，晒干。

Description 性状

Crumpled and rolled masses. Roots conical, frequently curved, 3-7 cm long; externally brown, crumpled; the root stock with brown or yellowish-white hairs, some fallen off. Leaves basal, frequently crumpled and broken, when whole, oblanceolate, greenish-brown or dark grey; apex acute or obtuse; margin lobate or pinnatifid; base becoming narrow downwards to petiole-shape; midrib of lower surface distinct. Pedicels 1 or more, each with a capitulum on the top; involucre several layers, the inner layer relatively long; corolla yellowish-brown or pale yellowish-white. Some showing numerous long-elliptical achenes with white aigrets. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter.
本品呈皱缩卷曲的团块。根呈圆锥状，多弯曲，长3～7cm；表面棕褐色，抽皱；根头部有棕褐色或黄白色的茸毛，有的已脱落。叶基生，多皱缩破碎，完整叶片呈倒披针形，绿褐色或暗灰绿色，先端尖或钝，边缘浅裂或羽状分裂，基部渐狭，下延呈柄状，下表面主脉明显。花茎1至数条，每条顶生头状花序，总苞片多层，内面一层较长，花冠黄褐色或淡黄白色。有的可见多数具白色冠毛的长椭圆形瘦果。气微，味微苦。

Identification 鉴别

（2）取本品粉末1g，加5%甲酸的甲醇溶液20ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加水10ml使溶解，滤过，滤液用乙酸乙酯振摇提取2次，每次10ml，合并乙酸乙酯液，蒸干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取咖啡酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各6μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸丁酯-甲酸-水（7：2.5：2.5）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
（1）本品叶表面观：上下表皮细胞垂周壁波状弯曲，表面角质纹理明显或稀疏可见。上下表皮均有非腺毛，3～9细胞，直径17～34μm，顶端细胞甚长，皱缩呈鞭状或脱落。下表皮气孔较多，不定式或不等式，副卫细胞3～6个，叶肉细胞含细小草酸钙结晶。叶脉旁可见乳汁管。根横切面：木栓细胞数列，棕色。韧皮部宽广，乳管群断续排列成数轮。形成层成环。木质部较小，射线不明显；导管较大，散列。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.
不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。

Assay 含量测定

Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

Chromatographic system and system suitability 色谱条件与系统适用性试验

Use octabecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase and a mixture of methanol and phosphate BS (dissolve 1.56 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in 1000 ml of water, adjust the pH value to 3. 8-4. 0 with 1% phosphoric acid solution) (23 : 77) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectrophotometer set at 323 nm, maintain the column temperature at 40℃. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 3000, calculated with reference to the peak of caffeic acid.
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲液（取磷酸二氢钠1.56g，加水使溶解成1000ml，再加1%磷酸溶液调节pH值至3.8～4.0，即得）（23：77）为流动相；检测波长为323nm；柱温40℃。理论板数按咖啡酸峰计算应不低于3000。

Reference solution 对照品溶液的制备

Dissolve a quantity of caffeic acid CRS, accurately weighed, in methanol to prepare a solution containing 30 pg per ml as the reference solution.
取咖啡酸对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含30μg的溶液，即得。

Test solution 供试品溶液的制备

Weigh accurately 1 g of the powder in a 50 ml stoppered conical flask, add accurately 10 ml of a solution of 5% formic acid in methanol, stopper well, shake thoroughly, weigh, ultrasonicate for 30 minutes (power 250 W, frequency 40 kHz), cool, weigh again and compensate the loss of the weight with a solution of 5% formic acid in methanol, shake thoroughly, centrifuge, filter the supernatant with a 0.45 μm filter membrane, store the filtrate in a brown volumetric flask as the test solution.
取本品粗粉约1g，精密称定，置50ml具塞锥形瓶中，精密加5%甲酸的甲醇溶液10ml，密塞，摇匀，称定重量，超声处理（功率250W，频率40kHz）30分钟，取出，放冷，再称定重量，用5%甲酸的甲醇溶液补足减失的重量，摇匀，离心，取上清液，置棕色量瓶中，即得。

Procedure 测定法

Inject accurately 10 μl of the reference solution and 5-20 μl of the test solution, respectively into the column, and calculate the content.
分别精密吸取对照品溶液10μl与供试品溶液5～20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。

It contains not less than 0.020 per cent of caffeic acid (CHO), calculated with reference to the dried drug.
本品按干燥品计算，含咖啡酸（C9H804）不得少于0.020%。

Prepared slices 饮片

Dandelion 蒲公英

Processing 炮制

Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, cut into sections, and dry.
除去杂质，洗净，切段，干燥。

Property 性

Bitter and sweet; cold.
苦、甘，寒。

Flavor 味

Bitter and slightly sweet.
苦、微甘。

Meridian tropism 归经

Liver and stomach meridians.
肝、胃经。

Actions 功能

To clear heat, remove toxin, disperse swelling, dissipate bind, promote urination and relieve stranguria.
清热解毒，消肿散结，利尿通淋。

Indications 主治

Deep-rooted boil and sore, swelling and toxin, acute mastitis, scrofula, red eyes, sore throat, lung abscess', intestinal abscess, dampness-heat jaundice, and heat strangury with difficulty and pain.
用于疔疮肿毒，乳痈，瘰疬，目赤，咽痛，肺痈，肠痈，湿热黄疸，热淋涩痛。

Dosage 用量

10-15 g.
10～15g。

Administration 用法

Decoction.
煎服。

Storage 贮藏

Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, protected from moisture and moth.
置通风干燥处，防潮，防蛀。