羌活

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)
中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》

Overview 概述

Notopterygium Rhizome and Root is the dried rhizome and root of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang or Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss. (Fam. Umbelliferae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from rootlets and sand, and dried in the sun.
本品为伞形科植物羌活Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang or 宽叶羌活 Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss. 的干燥根茎和根。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根及泥沙，晒干。

Description 性状

Notopterygium Rhizome and Root 羌活

It is cylindrical and slightly curved, 4-13 cm long, 0.6-2.5 cm in diameter, with a stem scar at the top. The surface is brownish-brown to blackish-brown, with the outer skin peeling off and appearing yellow at the peeled area. The internodes are shortened, forming closely raised rings, resembling silkworms, commonly known as "silkworm Qiang"; the internodes are elongated, resembling bamboo nodes, commonly known as "bamboo node Qiang". There are numerous point-like or tuberous root scars and brown broken scales on the nodes. The body is light, brittle, easily broken, with an uneven fracture surface and numerous cracks. The bark is yellowish-brown to dark brown, oily, with brown oil spots; the wood is yellowish-white, with obvious rays; the pith is yellow to yellowish-brown. It has a fragrant odor, slightly bitter and pungent taste.
为圆柱状略弯曲的根茎，长4～13 cm，直径0.6～2.5 cm，顶端具茎痕。表面棕褐色至黑褐色，外皮脱落处呈黄色。节间缩短，呈紧密隆起的环状，形似蚕，习称“蚕羌”；节间延长，形如竹节状，习称“竹节羌”。节上有多数点状或瘤状突起的根痕及棕色破碎鳞片。体轻，质脆，易折断，断面不平整，有多数裂隙，皮部黄棕色至暗棕色，油润，有棕色油点，木部黄白色，射线明显，髓部黄色至黄棕色。气香，味微苦而辛。

Notopterygium franchetii 宽叶羌活

It is the rhizome and root. The rhizome is cylindrical, with a stem and leaf sheath residue at the top, and the root is conical, with longitudinal wrinkles and skin pores; the surface is brownish-brown, with dense rings near the rhizome, 8-15 cm long, 1-3 cm in diameter, commonly known as "striped Qiang". Some rhizomes are thick and irregularly nodular, with several stem bases at the top, and the roots are thinner, commonly known as "big-headed Qiang". It is soft and brittle, easily broken, with a slightly flat fracture surface, light brown bark, and yellowish-white wood. It has a mild odor.
为根茎和根。根茎类圆柱形，顶端具茎和叶鞘残基，根类圆锥形，有纵皱纹和皮孔；表面棕褐色，近根茎处有较密的环纹，长8～15 cm，直径1～3 cm，习称“条羌”。有的根茎粗大，不规则结节状，顶部具数个茎基，根较细，习称“大头羌”。质松脆，易折断，断面略平坦，皮部浅棕色，木部黄白色。气味较淡。

Identification 鉴别

To 1 g of the powder add 5 ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 20 minutes, let stand, and take the supernatant as the test solution. Take paeoniflorin CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a 3% solution of sodium acetate as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2-4 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The blue fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.
取本品粉末1 g，加甲醇5 ml，超声处理20分钟，静置，取上清液作为供试品溶液。另取紫花前胡苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含0.5 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2～4 μl，分别点于同一用3%醋酸钠溶液制备的硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇（8：2）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的蓝色荧光斑点。

Examination 检查

Total ash 总灰分

Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过8.0%（通则2302）。

Acid-insoluble ash 酸不溶性灰分

Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过3.0%（通则2302）。

Chromatographic fingerprint 特征图谱

Determine by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test 色谱条件与系统适用性试验

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel (non-polar) as the filler (column length 250 mm, inner diameter 4.6 mm, particle size 5 μm); use acetonitrile as mobile phase A, 0.1% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase B, and perform gradient elution according to the specified conditions in the table; column temperature is 25°C; detection wavelength is 246 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of artemisinin should not be less than 18000.
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶（非亲水性）为填充剂（柱长为250 mm，内径为4.6 mm，粒度为5 μm）；以乙腈为流动相A，以0. 1%磷酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；柱温为25°C；检测波长为246 nm。理论板数按羌活醇峰计算应不低于18000。

Preparation of reference extract solution 对照提取物溶液的制备

Take 10 mg of reference extract of Artemisia annua, accurately weigh, place it in a 5 ml volumetric flask, dissolve it in methanol and dilute to the mark, shake well, and obtain.
取羌活对照提取物10 mg，精密称定，置5 ml量瓶中，加甲醇溶解并稀释至刻度，摇匀，即得。

Preparation of test solution 供试品溶液的制备

Take the test solution under the "content determination" section, and obtain.
取〔含量测定〕项下的供试品溶液，即得。

Determination method 测定法

Precisely draw 10 μl of the reference extract solution and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, determine, record the chromatogram, and obtain.
分别精密吸取对照提取物溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，记录色谱图，即得。

The test chromatographic fingerprint should present chromatographic peaks corresponding to the retention times of the four major characteristic peaks in the reference extract.
供试品特征图谱中应呈现与对照提取物中的4个主要特征峰保留时间相对应的色谱峰。

Extractives 浸出物

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 15.0 per cent.
照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于15.0%。

Content determination 含量测定

Volatile oil 挥发油

Determine the volatile oil content by the method for determination of volatile oil <2204>.
照挥发油测定法（通则2204）测定。

The volatile oil content of this product should not be less than 1.4% (ml/g).
本品含挥发油不得少于1.4%（ml/g）。

Artemisinin and isoimperatorin 羌活醇和异欧前胡素

Determine artemisinin and isoimperatorin by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512） 测定。

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test 色谱条件与系统适用性试验

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-water (44:56) as the mobile phase; detection wavelength is 310 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of artemisinin should not be less than 5000.
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水（44：56）为流动相；检测波长为310 nm。理论板数按羌活醇峰计算应不低于5000。

Preparation of reference solution 对照品溶液的制备

Take an appropriate amount of artemisinin reference standard and isoimperatorin reference standard, accurately weigh, add methanol to prepare a mixed solution containing 60 μg of artemisinin and 30 μg of isoimperatorin per ml, and obtain.
取羌活醇对照品、异欧前胡素对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1 ml含羌活醇60 μg.异欧前胡素30 μg的混合溶液，即得。

Preparation of test solution 供试品溶液的制备

Take about 0.4 g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of methanol, weigh, subject to ultrasonic treatment (power 250 W, frequency 50 kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate, and obtain.
取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.4 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇50 ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率250 W，频率50 kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。

Determination method 测定法

Precisely draw 5 μl of the reference solution and 5-10 μl of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and obtain.
分别精密吸取对照品溶液5 μl与供试品溶液5～10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。

Calculated on the dried product, the total content of artemisinin (C21H22O5) and isoimperatorin (C16H14O4) in this product should not be less than 0.40%.
本品按干燥品计算，含羌活醇（C21H22O5）和异欧前胡素（C16H14O4）的总量不得少于0.40%。

Prepared slices 饮片

Artemisia annua 羌活

Processing 炮制

Remove impurities, wash, soften, cut into thick slices, and dry.
除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。

Appearance 性状

This product is round or irregularly shaped transverse or oblique slices, with brownish-brown to blackish-brown skin, brownish-brown outer surface of the cut surface, yellowish-white wood, and some visible radial texture. It is light and brittle. It has a fragrant aroma, a slightly bitter and pungent taste.
本品呈类圆形、不规则形横切或斜切片，表皮棕褐色至黑褐色，切面外侧棕褐色，木部黄白色，有的可见放射状纹理。体轻，质脆。气香，味微苦而辛。

Examination 检查

Water 水分

Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832, method 4>.
不得过9.0%（通则0832第四法）。

Total ash 总灰分

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Acid-insoluble ash 酸不溶性灰分

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Identification 鉴别

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Chromatographic fingerprint 特征图谱

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Extractives 浸出物

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Content determination 含量测定

Same as the crude drug.
同药材。

Property 性

Warm.
温。

Flavor 味

Pungent, bitter.
辛、苦。

Meridian tropism 归经

Meridian tropism: bladder and kidney meridians.
归膀胱、肾经。

Actions 功能

Expel exterior cold, dispel wind and dampness, relieve pain.
解表散寒，祛风除湿，止痛。

Indications 主治

Used for wind-cold common cold, severe headache, wind-dampness arthralgia, shoulder and back soreness.
用于风寒感冒，头痛项强，风湿痹痛，肩背酸痛。

Dosage 用量

3-10 g.
3～10 g。

Administration 用法

None.
无。

Storage 贮藏

Store in a cool and dry place, and protect against moth.
置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。

羌活

Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)
文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》

Overview 概述

Incised Notopterygium Rhizome or Root is the dried rhizome and root of Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang or Notopterygium franchetii H.de Boiss. (Fam. Umbelliferae). The drug is collected in spring and winter, removed from rootlet and soil, dried in the sun.
本品为伞形科植物羌活Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang或宽叶羌活Notopterygium franchetii H.de Boiss.的干燥根茎和根。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根及泥沙，晒干。

Description 性状

Rhizome of Notopterygium incisum is cylindrical and somewhat curved, 4-13 cm long, 0.6-2.5 cm in diameter. Apex with stem scars. Externally brown to blackish-brown, the place where the outer bark fallen off appearing yellow. Internodes shortened, forming dense raised annulations like a silkworm (known as Canqiang); or internodes elongated like the nodes of a bamboo (known as Zhujieqiang). Nodes exhibiting numerous dotted or tuberculate root scars and brown broken scales. Texture light and fragile, easily broken. Fracture uneven, with clefts, bark yellowish-brown to dark brown, oily, with numerous brown oil dots, wood yellowish-white with distinct rays, pith yellow to yellowish-brown. Odour, aromatic; taste, slightly bitter and pungent.
羌活为圆柱状略弯曲的根茎，长4～13cm，直径0.6～2.5cm，顶端具茎痕。表面棕褐色至黑褐色，外皮脱落处呈黄色。节间缩短，呈紧密隆起的环状，形似蚕，习称“蚕羌”；节间延长，形如竹节状，习称“竹节羌”。节上有多数点状或瘤状突起的根痕及棕色破碎鳞片。体轻，质脆，易折断，断面不平整，有多数裂隙，皮部黄棕色至暗椋色，油润，有棕色油点，木部黄白色，射线明显，髓部黄色至黄棕色。气香，味微苦而辛。

Rhizome and root of Notopterygium franchetii is rhizome subcylindrical, bearing remains of stems and leaf sheaths at the apex. Root subconical, longitudinally wrinkled and lenticellate; externally brown, with dense annulations near rhizome, 8-15 cm long, 1-3 cm in diameter (known as Tiaoqiang). Some rhizomes large and stout, irregularly nodiform, apex bearing several stem bases, roots relatively thin (known as Datouqiang). Texture loose and fragile, easily broken. Fracture slightly even, bark pale brown, wood yellowish-white. Odour and taste relatively slight.
宽叶羌活为根茎和根。根茎类圆柱形，顶端具茎和叶鞘残基，根类圆锥形，有纵皱纹和皮孔；表面棕褐色，近根茎处有较密的环纹，长8～15cm，直径1～3cm，习称“条羌”。有的根茎粗大，不规则结节状，顶部具数个茎基，根较细，习称“大头羌”。质松脆，易折断，断面略平坦，皮部浅棕色，木部黄白色。气味较淡。

Identification 鉴别

To 1 g of the powder add 5 ml of methanol, ultrasonicate for 20 minutes, stand and use the supernatant as the test solution. Dissolve nodakenin CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.5 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G mixed with a 3% solution of sodium acetate as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform and methanol (8:2) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2-4 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air, examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.
取本品粉末1g，加甲醇5ml，超声处理20分钟，静置，取上清液作为供试品溶液。另取紫花前胡苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2～4μl，分别点于同一用3%醋酸钠溶液制备的硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇（8：2）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的蓝色荧光斑点。

Examination 检查

Total ash 总灰分

Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过8.0%（通则2302）。

Acid-insoluble ash 酸不溶性灰分

Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.
不得过3.0%（通则2302）。

Characteristic chromatogram 特征图谱

Chromatographic system and system suitability: Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel (non-hydrophilic) as the stationary phase (25 cm in length, 4.6 mm in inner diameter, 5 um in particle diameter) and use acetonitrile as the mobile phase A, 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid as mobile phase B, elute in gradient as the following:
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

Extractives 浸出物

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method), using ethanol as solvent, not less than 15.0 per cent.
照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于15.0%。

Assay 含量测定

Volatile oil 挥发油

It contains not less than 1. 4 per cent (ml/g) of volatile oil.
照挥发油测定法（通则2204）测定。

Notopterol and isoimperatorin 羌活醇和异欧前胡素

Chromatographic system and system suitability: Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase and a mixture of acetonitrile and water (44 : 56) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectrophotometer set at 310 nm. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 5000, calculated with reference to the peak of notopterol.
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

Prepared slices 饮片

Processing 炮制

Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry in the sun.
除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。

In subrounded or irregular transversely or obliquely cut slices. Externally brown to black, cut surface brown in outer side, yellowish-white in wood part, sometimes radiate striations visible. Texture light and fragile. Odour, aromatic; taste, slightly bitter and pungent.
本品呈类圆形、不规则形横切或斜切片，表皮棕褐色至黑褐色，切面外侧棕褐色，木部黄白色，有的可见放射状纹理。体轻，质脆。气香，味微苦而辛。

Property 性

Warm; pungent and bitter.
辛、苦，温。

Flavor 味

Bitter and pungent.
温。

Meridian tropism 归经

Bladder and kidney meridians.
归膀胱、肾经。

Actions 功能

To release the exterior, dissipate cold, dispel wind, remove dampness, and relieve pain.
解表散寒，祛风除湿，止痛。

Indications 主治

Common cold caused by wind-cold, headache, stiff nape, arthralgia caused by wind-dampness, sore pain in shoulder and back.
用于风寒感冒，头痛项强，风湿痹痛，肩背酸痛。

Dosage 用量

3-10 g.
3～10g。

Administration 用法

Oral administration.
口服。

Storage 贮藏

Preserve in a cool and dry place, and protect from moth.
置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。